Wilderness Survival

Free Resources and Answers

Time: 1–2 weeks
Difficulty: Challenging
Setting: Outdoor, backcountry
Best For: Scouts interested in survival skills, camping, outdoor adventure
Hands-On Level: High
Requires Camping/Travel: Yes
Eagle Required: No

The Scouts BSA Wilderness Survival Merit Badge serves as a practical educational tool designed to equip Scouts with essential skills for surviving in various outdoor conditions. This merit badge isn’t just about learning the basics; it dives deep into the nitty-gritty of wilderness survival, from understanding potential hazards to mastering first-aid procedures for backcountry mishaps.

The merit badge focuses on the seven priorities for survival, which serve as the backbone for making sound decisions when in a backcountry or wilderness setting. It teaches Scouts not just what to do, but why each step is critical, instilling a level of understanding that can be life-saving in real-world scenarios.

Perhaps one of the overlooked aspects of wilderness survival is mental preparedness. The badge covers ways to maintain morale and avoid panic, emphasizing the importance of a positive mental attitude when lost or faced with adversity. This is crucial, as the right mindset often makes the difference in survival situations.

Furthermore, the merit badge encourages hands-on practice, from crafting fires using non-traditional methods to creating shelters with minimal environmental impact. This not only enriches the learning experience but also prepares Scouts for real-life applications of their skills.

Earning the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge offers Scouts an invaluable set of skills and knowledge. It prepares them for safe and responsible outdoor adventures, while also equipping them to handle emergency situations should they arise. Whether you’re a Scout or a Scout leader, this badge provides a structured yet flexible framework for mastering the essentials of wilderness survival.

The requirements for the Wilderness Survival merit badge were updated on January 1, 2026.

Download the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge pamphlet requirements

Wilderness Survival Merit Badge Pamphlet

Wilderness Survival Merit Badge Check Off Sheet

Checklist for All Merit Badges

Find specific helps for the Wilderness Survival merit badge requirements listed on this page. Some of these resources will just give the answers. Others will provide engaging ways for older Scouts to introduce these concepts to new Scouts.

• Requirement 1: Hazards and First Aid
• Requirement 2: Priorities for Survival
• Requirement 3: Avoiding Panic
• Requirement 4: First Aid Kits
• Requirement 5: Shelter
• Requirement 6: Fire Building
• Requirement 7: Signaling
• Requirement 8: Water
• Requirement 9: Food
• Requirement 10: Careers
• Additional Resources for Wilderness Survival Merit Badge

First Aid and Injury Prevention

When you are working on this requirement, focus on knowing what to look for and what to do right away. These are common problems you might see on a campout or hike. Practice these skills so you feel ready.

• Dehydration
  Drink water often, even if you are not thirsty. Signs include dry mouth, dark urine, and feeling tired. Rest in the shade and sip water slowly. Avoid sugary drinks. Prevention is simple. Carry enough water and take breaks.
  Dehydration: Hiking in the Desert (video)
  Symptoms, and Treatment of Dehydration (website)
• Heatstroke
  This is very serious. The person may have hot skin, confusion, or may stop sweating. Call for help right away. Move them to shade and cool them with water and fanning. Give small sips of water if they are awake.
  Diagnosis and Treatment of Heat Stroke (video)
• Hypothermia
  This happens when the body gets too cold. Signs include shivering, slurred speech, and clumsiness. Get the person out of the cold and wet. Add dry layers and warm them slowly. Give warm drinks if they are awake.
  How to recognize and treat hypothermia (website)
  Recognize the “Umbles” and Avoid Hypothermia (video)
  Hypothermia (video)
  Frostbite and Hypothermia (website)
• Shock
  Shock can follow an injury. The person may look pale, feel weak, and breathe fast. Have them lie down and raise their feet if possible. Keep them warm and calm. Get medical help quickly.
  Shock (video)
  Shock and Bleeding (video)
• Blisters
  Blisters come from rubbing. Stop and cover the hot spot early with moleskin or a bandage. If a blister forms, keep it clean and covered. Do not pop it unless needed, and use clean tools if you do.
  How to Prevent and Treat Blisters (website)
• Eye Injuries
  Do not rub the eye. If something is in the eye, rinse gently with clean water. If there is a serious injury, cover both eyes lightly and get help. Protect eyes by wearing safety glasses when needed.
  5 Ways To Safely Remove Something Stuck In Your Eye (video)
• Ankle and Knee Sprains
  These happen from twists or falls. Rest the joint. Use ice if you have it. Wrap with an elastic bandage and keep it raised. Do not put weight on it until it feels better.
  First Aid for Ankle Sprains (video)
  Knee Sprains (website)
• Bug Bites: Chiggers, Ticks, Mosquitoes, Gnats
  Clean the area with soap and water. Use anti-itch cream for comfort. Remove ticks with fine tweezers, pulling straight out. Prevent bites with repellent and by wearing long sleeves and pants.
  First aid for tick bites (website)
  Chiggers 101 (video)
  Preventng and Treating Tick Bites (website)
  Preventing and Treating Mosquito Bites (website)
  Biting Gnats (video)
• Bee Stings
  If you see a stinger, scrape it out with a card. Wash the area and use a cold pack. Watch for signs of allergy like trouble breathing. Use an epinephrine injector if prescribed and get help fast.
  How to Treat a Bee Sting (video)
• Spider Bites
  Wash the bite and use a cold pack. Most bites are mild, but watch for pain, swelling, or other symptoms. Get medical help if you think it could be a harmful spider.
  Black Widow and Brown Recluse Spider Bites (video)
  Black Widow vs. Brown Recluse Spider Bites (video)
• Scorpion Sting
  Clean the area and use a cold pack. Keep the person calm. Pain can be strong, but most stings are not dangerous. Get help if there are severe symptoms like trouble breathing.
  Scorpion Stings—Symptoms and Causes (website)
• Bite of a Wild Mammal
  Wash the wound right away with lots of water and soap. Cover it with a clean bandage. Get medical help as soon as possible because of rabies risk.
  Treatment of Animal and Human Bites (video)
• Venomous Snake Bite
  Stay calm and keep the person still. Keep the bite area at heart level. Do not cut the wound or try to suck out venom. Call for emergency help right away. Mark the swelling if you can to track changes.
  Venomous Snake Bites (website)

Knowing the right first aid procedures and preventive measures for these common backcountry injuries and illnesses can make a significant difference in outcomes. Always carry a first-aid kit suited to your environment. This knowledge is essential for the Wilderness Survival merit badge.

Using the Scout Basic Essentials

When you head outdoors, you should always carry the Scout Basic Essentials. These items help you handle common problems in a survival situation. They help you stay warm, find your way, treat injuries, and signal for help. A survival kit is built around these same ideas, just in a smaller and more focused way.

A map and compass help you avoid getting lost and help you find your way back. If you do get turned around, you can stop, check your map, and plan your route. These tools reduce panic and help you make good choices.

Water and a way to purify it help prevent dehydration. You might carry a water bottle, but in a survival situation you may need to treat water from a stream. This keeps you from getting sick and helps you stay strong.

Extra food gives you energy. You might be out longer than planned, so simple snacks like trail mix or energy bars can help you keep going. Food also helps you stay warm in cold weather.

Extra clothing protects you from weather changes. A rain jacket or warm layer can prevent hypothermia. Staying dry is very important in the outdoors.

A first aid kit lets you treat cuts, blisters, and other injuries. Small problems can get worse if you ignore them. Basic supplies help you take care of yourself or a buddy.

A flashlight or headlamp helps you see in the dark. If you are delayed, you will still be able to move safely or signal for help. Always carry extra batteries.

A fire starter helps you stay warm and cook food. It can also be used as a signal. Matches, a lighter, or a fire steel are all good choices. Keep them dry.

A repair kit and tools help you fix gear. A small knife or multi-tool can solve many problems, like fixing a broken strap or cutting cord.

Sun protection keeps you from getting burned or overheated. Sunscreen, sunglasses, and a hat all help protect your skin and eyes.

A whistle or signaling device helps rescuers find you. It is easier to hear a whistle than a voice. You can also use a mirror or bright cloth to signal.

When you build a survival kit, you choose small versions of these items. Each one has a purpose. Together, they help you deal with the most common dangers you might face outdoors.

Resources: The 10 Scout Basic Outdoor Essentials (website)
Checklist for a Wilderness Survival Kit (PDF)

How a Trip Plan Keeps You Safe

Before you go on any outdoor trip, take time to make a trip plan. This is a simple plan that explains where you are going, who is going with you, and when you will return. Share this plan with a trusted adult. If something goes wrong, they will know when to get help and where to send it.

A trip plan helps you think ahead about your route. You study maps and learn the trail before you leave. This lowers your chance of getting lost. You also plan where you will stop, rest, and camp, so you do not have to guess while you are tired.

It also helps you prepare for weather and conditions. You can check the forecast and pack the right gear. If bad weather is expected, you can change your plans. This helps you avoid problems like hypothermia or heat illness.

A trip plan helps you bring the right gear and enough supplies. You will know how much water, food, and clothing to pack. This keeps you from running out of important items during your trip.

It also sets a schedule. You know when to turn around if you are behind. This keeps you from hiking in the dark or pushing too far when you are tired. Good timing helps you stay safe.

Finally, a trip plan gives others a way to help you. If you do not return on time, they can act quickly. They will know your route and your plans. This can make a big difference in an emergency.

Resources: How to Plan an Adventure | Plan a Camping Trip (video)
Importance of a Float Plan (website)

7 Survival Priorities

The seven priorities for survival in a wilderness location are generally considered to be:

• Positive Mental Attitude: Keeping a clear head and staying focused on survival is crucial. Panic can lead to poor decisions. Remember STOP. (Stop, Think, Observe, Plan)
• First Aid: Attend to immediate medical needs, especially if they are life-threatening. A first aid kit and knowledge of basic first aid are essential.
• Shelter: Find or build a shelter to protect yourself from the elements. Even a rudimentary barrier can help retain body heat and shield you from wind and rain.
• Fire: Build a fire for warmth, cooking, and signaling. Fire can also boost morale. Always carry multiple methods for fire-starting.
• Signaling: Make your presence known to rescuers through sound, light, or ground-to-air signals. A whistle, mirror, or flare can be instrumental.
• Water: Find a water source and purify it before drinking. Dehydration can impair judgment and physical ability, so water is a priority.
• Food: Although you can survive for a considerable time without it, securing food can give you the energy to tackle other survival tasks and improve morale.

Understanding these priorities and the order in which they should be addressed for the Wilderness Survival merit badge can significantly increase your chances of surviving a wilderness emergency.

Resource: Seven Priorities of Survival (video)

Keeping a Clear Head When Lost

Avoiding panic and maintaining morale are critical because your mental state directly influences your decision-making and overall survival chances. Panic can lead to rash decisions, while a good morale can help you stay focused and better utilize available resources. The Wilderness Survival merit badge teaches you to deal with these situations.

• Stay Put: If it’s safe and you’re expecting rescue, staying put can reduce anxiety. Moving around aimlessly usually worsens the situation and makes you harder to find.
• Take Inventory: Assess your available resources like water, food, and tools. Knowing what you have can make the situation seem less dire and help you plan.
• Establish Routine: A structured routine can give you a sense of normalcy and purpose. Allocate time for signaling, gathering food, or maintaining your shelter.
• Mental Exercises: Distraction techniques like counting, reciting something, or engaging in simple mental exercises can help you avoid spiraling into panic.
• Communication: If you’re in a group, keep the lines of communication open. Talking through the situation can provide emotional support and can lead to better problem-solving.

In a survival scenario, your mental state can be as vital as your physical preparedness. Keeping panic at bay and morale high allows you to think clearly, make rational decisions, and better manage the resources and challenges you encounter.

Resources: Lost? Stop Panic & Think Clearly. (video)
Box Breathing | The Breathing Exercise Used By Navy SEALs (video)

Suggestions for a Personal Survival Kit

A personal survival kit aims to cover basic needs like fire, water, shelter, and signaling. Here’s a list of possible items and their utility for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Multi-tool: Good for cutting, opening cans, and other tasks.
• Fire Starter: Crucial for warmth and preparing food.
• Compact First Aid Kit: For treating minor injuries.
• Water Purification Tablets: Makes natural water sources safe to drink.
• Emergency Blanket: Reflects body heat and can act as a makeshift shelter.
• Paracord: Useful for tying, shelter building, and even fishing.
• Whistle: Effective for long-distance signaling.
• Signal Mirror: Great for daytime signaling to distant rescuers.
• Flashlight: Provides visibility and can also be used for signaling.
• Compass: Important for directional orientation.
• Energy Bars: Provide immediate energy needs.
• Ziplock Bags: Multi-purpose for carrying water or food.
• Extra Clothing: Spare socks and thermal layers help in changing weather conditions.
• Water Bottle: Carrying purified water is essential for hydration.
• Sun Protection: Includes sunblock and a hat to protect against harmful UV rays.
• Duct Tape (optional): Can be used for quick repairs and even medical emergencies like splinting.
• Thin Wire (optional): Handy for repairing gear and constructing shelters.
• Garbage Bag (optional): Keeps gear dry and can be used as an emergency poncho.
• Fishing Line and Hooks (optional): Useful for catching fish and the line can also be used for repairs.

Each item serves a specific purpose, enhancing your ability to adapt to various challenges you may face in a survival scenario. Make sure you’re familiar with how to use all of these items to maximize their utility.

Resources: First Aid Kits: Essential Items
Personal Family Troop First Aid Kit Checklist (PDF)
First Aid Kit Checklists (website)
Scout Basic Essentials for Wilderness Survival (website)
Survival Kit List (PDF)

Surviving in a Cold and Snowy Environment

Surviving in a cold and snowy environment requires specific measures to ensure you stay warm and protected from the elements. Here are some suggestions for the Wilderness Survival merit badge.

1. Dress Appropriately: Layer clothing to trap heat and wick moisture away from the skin. Use thermal layers, an insulating layer, and a waterproof outer layer.
2. Build Shelter: Construct a snow cave or another insulating structure to shield yourself from the wind and cold. Your shelter should be small to trap body heat more effectively.
3. Fire: Start a fire not only for warmth but also for melting snow for drinking water. Make sure to build it safely away from your shelter to prevent accidents.
4. Signaling: Place markers or use other signaling techniques to make yourself visible to rescuers. This can include placing colored fabric in visible spots or using a whistle.
5. Conserve Energy: Physical exertion burns calories and can make you sweat, which could lead to hypothermia. Conserve your energy and ration any available food.
6. Stay Hydrated: Melt snow for drinking water. Eating snow can lower your body temperature, making you more susceptible to hypothermia.

Being prepared and taking these steps can significantly increase your chances of survival in cold and snowy conditions. Always remember to prioritize staying warm and dry to prevent hypothermia and frostbite.

Resources: Cold Weather Survival Skills (video)
Winter Survival Skills (website)

Survival in a Wet Environment

Surviving in a wet environment poses challenges like hypothermia and infection. Here’s how to navigate those for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Find Shelter: The first priority is to find or build a shelter that keeps you dry. Use materials like leaves or bark to create a roof, and elevate the floor if possible.
• Waterproof Gear: Use waterproof or quick-drying clothing and gear. Water-resistant covers for your backpack and important items are also crucial.
• Fire: Starting a fire can be tricky in a wet environment. Look for dry wood in the inner parts of fallen trees or under heavy foliage. Fire provides warmth and a way to purify water.
• Water Collection: Rainwater is generally safe to drink, so use leaves or other natural elements to collect it. Boiling is always a good precaution if you can manage it.
• Food: Focus on high-energy foods that don’t require cooking, like nuts or energy bars, to minimize the need for fire.
• Move Carefully: Wet environments are often slippery. Move slowly and deliberately to avoid injury, which could make your situation dramatically worse.

Being resourceful and adapting to the challenges of a wet environment are key. Keep dry, stay warm, and make your visibility known to any potential rescuers.

Resources: Building Fire in the Rain (video)
Staying Warm and Dry in Wind and Rain (video)
Camping in the Rain (video)

Surviving in a Hot and Dry Environment

Surviving in a hot and dry environment focuses largely on managing heat and conserving water. Here’s a breakdown for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Shade and Timing: The sun is your enemy in these conditions. Seek shade whenever possible and try to limit physical activity to cooler parts of the day, like early morning or late evening.
• Hydration: Conserve water by rationing it, but don’t hold off on drinking until you’re extremely thirsty. Sip small amounts regularly. Avoid caffeine or alcohol, as they can lead to faster dehydration.
• Clothing: Wear light-colored, loose-fitting clothing that covers as much skin as possible to protect against sunburn and to help regulate body temperature.
• Signal for Help: In addition to traditional methods like fires or flares, consider using mirrors or reflective objects to signal aircraft. In wide-open spaces, large symbols made from rocks or other materials can be visible from the air.
• Navigation: If you have to move, be sure to mark your direction in some way to avoid walking in circles. A compass is ideal but improvised methods, like following the sun’s movement, can also work in a pinch.
• Food: Eating requires water for digestion, so in a water-scarce environment, it’s often better to fast. If you do find a reliable water source, then focus on high-energy foods.

Understanding the environment and being strategic about water and energy use can make a significant difference in your survival chances. Always prioritize shade and hydration in hot and dry conditions.

Resource: 10 Desert Survival Tips (video)

Survival in a Windy Environment

Surviving in a windy environment presents challenges like rapid heat loss and difficulty in building a fire. Here’s how to manage for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Find Shelter: The first step is to find a natural barrier against the wind like rocks or dense vegetation. If possible, construct a windbreak using available materials.
• Layer Up: Wind increases the rate of heat loss from the body. Layer your clothing to trap warm air, and don a windproof outer layer.
• Secure Items: Wind can scatter your belongings, making it harder to keep track of essential items. Make sure to secure loose gear tightly.
• Fire: Building a fire in windy conditions is challenging. Use a windbreak and dig a pit to help keep the fire contained. Opt for quick-burning materials like dry grass or twigs to get it started.
• Communication: Wind noise can hinder communication if you’re in a group. Develop simple hand signals or find a way to communicate in writing if needed.
• Ground Signals: If you’re trying to signal for help, remember that flags or other visual cues might be hard to see if they’re flapping wildly. Use heavier items to mark your location.

Prioritizing shelter and warmth is crucial in windy conditions. Pay attention to the direction and strength of the wind, as it can also affect your travel plans and overall strategy for survival.

Resources: Danger of Wind Chill (video)
Wind Chill Safety: 5 Tips to Prevent Frostbite (video)

Surviving at or on the Water

Surviving at or on the water poses unique challenges, including the risk of hypothermia and dehydration. Here’s what you should do for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Personal Flotation: Always wear a life jacket or improvise a flotation device to stay above water. Keep as much of your body out of the water as possible to reduce heat loss.
• Signal for Help: Use flares, a whistle, or reflective materials like a mirror to signal your position to potential rescuers. At night, a flashlight can be crucial.
• Stay Together: If you’re in a group, stay close to increase visibility and improve morale. Use ropes or other tie-offs to keep everyone connected. Conserve heat and energy by assuming the HELP or huddle position (see the Lifesaving merit badge for details).
• Conserve Energy: Treading water or swimming can exhaust you quickly and lead to faster heat loss. Use a back float position or rest on a flotation device if available.
• Hydration: Saltwater is not drinkable and will worsen dehydration. If possible, collect rainwater or use a desalination pump, if available.
• Sun Protection: Sunburn can be a serious issue on the water. Use clothing or improvised shade to protect yourself from sun exposure.

Staying afloat and signaling for rescue are your primary objectives. Conserving energy and protecting yourself from the elements come next. Always remember, survival at sea or on a body of water requires specific precautions that differ from those on land.

Resource: What to do if Your Boat Capsizes (website)

Appropriate Clothing for the Weather

Choosing the right clothing for outdoor conditions is crucial for safety and comfort. Here’s a quick guide for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Hot Weather: Go for lightweight, light-colored, and moisture-wicking fabrics. Long sleeves and a wide-brimmed hat can provide protection from the sun. UV-blocking sunglasses are also recommended.
• Cold Weather: Layering is key. Start with a moisture-wicking base layer, add an insulating middle layer like fleece, and finish with a windproof and waterproof outer layer. Don’t forget a hat, gloves, and insulated boots.
• Wet Conditions: A waterproof, yet breathable, outer layer is essential. Make sure seams are sealed. Also, consider water-resistant footwear and gaiters to protect the lower legs.
• General Tips: Always opt for synthetic or wool fabrics over cotton, as cotton loses its insulating properties when wet. For both hot and cold conditions, moisture-wicking socks are crucial.
• Special Gear: In extreme conditions, specialized gear like microspikes, crampons, or sun-reflective clothing might be necessary.

Some suggestions:

Warm Weather Clothes

• T-shirt or lightweight short-sleeved shirt
• Shorts
• Underwear
• Socks
• Long-sleeved lightweight shirt
• Long lightweight pants
• Sweater or warm jacket
• Wide brimmed hat
• Bandannas
• Rain gear
• Hiking boots or sturdy shoes

Cold Weather Clothes

• Long-sleeved shirt
• Long pants
• Sweater
• Long underwear
• Socks (not cotton)
• Warm hooded parka or jacket
• Stocking hat
• Water resistant mittens or gloves
• Scarf
• Rain gear
• Hiking boots or sturdy shoes

Adapting your clothing to the specific conditions you’ll face is crucial for safety and will make your outdoor experience more enjoyable.

Resource: Packing Lists for Hot and Cold Weather Camping (website)

Protecting Yourself from Wildlife

Protection from wildlife varies based on the species you might encounter for the Wilderness Survival merit badge, but some general guidelines apply.

When you camp or hike, remember that wild animals are always looking for food. Bears and raccoons have a strong sense of smell. They are often drawn to campsites because of food and trash. Your goal is to keep them away by not giving them a reason to come close.

• Bears: Store all food, trash, and scented items away from your sleeping area. Use a bear bag hung high in a tree or a bear-proof container. Never keep food in your tent. Cook and eat away from where you sleep. Clean up all food scraps right away. If you see a bear, stay calm. Do not run. Make yourself look larger and speak in a firm voice while slowly backing away.
• Raccoons: These are smaller than bears, but very clever. They can open coolers and bags if they are not secured. Store food in sealed containers or hang it like you would for bears. Do not leave food or trash out, especially at night. Keep your campsite clean. If raccoons visit, do not feed them. Make noise to scare them away, but do not try to touch them.
• Insects: Use insect repellent on exposed skin and clothing. Wear long sleeves and pants, and consider using a head net in areas with many flying insects.
• Reptiles: Stay on designated paths and avoid tall grass where snakes might hide. If you encounter a snake, give it a wide berth.
• Raccoons
• Other Mammals: Know the wildlife in the area and maintain a respectful distance. Many animals perceive eye contact as a threat, so avoid staring.
• General Precautions: Learn about the local wildlife and their behaviors. Set up camp away from animal paths and water sources where animals might frequent. Use barriers like fences or thorny bushes if available.

Each region will have specific recommendations based on the local fauna, but these general guidelines are a good starting point for most environments. Always follow local advice and be aware of your surroundings.

Resources: Preventing and Managing Bear Encounters (video)
Keeping Raccoons Away from your Campsite (video)

Find or Build Shelter: Stay Dry and Stay Warm

In a survival situation, shelter is one of your top needs. Your goal is to stay dry, block the wind, and keep body heat in. You can often find natural shelter, or you can build a simple one using what is around you. Think about location first. Avoid low spots where water can collect, and stay away from dead trees that could fall.

Forest Shelter
In a forest, look for natural shelter first. A fallen log, a rock overhang, or a thick group of trees can block wind and rain. If you need to build one, a lean-to is a good choice. Place a long branch between two trees. Lean smaller branches against it at an angle. Cover the frame with leaves, pine needles, or bark. Add a thick layer to keep out rain and wind.

You can also make a debris hut. This is a small shelter just big enough for your body. Use a ridge pole and lean sticks along both sides. Then pile leaves and forest debris over it. Make the layer thick so it traps heat. Crawl inside and block the entrance with more debris to stay warm.

Snow Shelter
In snow, your goal is to stay out of the wind and keep heat in. Snow can be a good insulator if used the right way. Look for a snowbank or drift. You can dig a snow cave by hollowing out a space. Make a small entrance and a higher sleeping area inside. This helps keep warm air around you.

If you cannot dig, build a snow trench. Dig down into the snow and cover the top with branches, a tarp, or even your pack. Pack snow along the sides to block wind. Always make a small air hole so you have fresh air.

No matter which shelter you use, keep it small. Your body heat will warm a small space faster. Add insulation on the ground, like leaves or pine boughs, to keep from losing heat to the ground.

Resources: Tree Well Shelter (video)
A Quick Shelter under a Tree (video)

Natural Shelters

Improvising a shelter with minimal environmental impact requires using available resources wisely and responsibly. Here are some eco-friendly options for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Fallen Tree: Find a large fallen tree and use its base as a windbreak. Layer the side facing away from the wind with branches and leaves.
• Leaf Pile: Gather a large pile of leaves and burrow into it, keeping a layer of leaves over you for insulation. Make sure the leaves are dry to ensure good insulation.
• Rock Overhang: Utilize a natural rock formation as a makeshift shelter. No construction is necessary, minimizing impact on the surroundings.
• Snow Cave: If you’re in a snowy area, dig a hole into the side of a snowdrift and hollow it out. The snow acts as an insulator and you’re not damaging flora.
• Tarp and Branches: If you have a tarp, string it between two trees. Layer leaves and branches over it for added insulation, but don’t break off living branches.
• Stick Framework: Create a simple frame using sticks and cover it with leaves or bark. Avoid cutting down living trees; use fallen branches instead.

Remember to dismantle your shelter and scatter natural materials back to where you found them, lessening your footprint on the environment. Choose techniques that require minimal alteration of the site and reuse materials when possible.

Resource: How to Build a Survival Shelter (video)

Starting a Fire Without Matches

Building and lighting a fire without matches can be a crucial skill in a survival situation. Here are some methods for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Ferrocerium Rod: Striking a ferro rod with a hard surface produces sparks that can ignite tinder.
• Magnifying Glass: On a sunny day, focus sunlight through a magnifying glass onto tinder until it ignites.
• Flint and Steel: Striking a piece of flint against steel generates sparks that can be caught by char cloth or other fine tinder.
• Bow Drill: Consists of a bow, spindle, fireboard, and bearing block. Friction from the spindle’s rapid rotation ignites the tinder.
• Fire Plough: A softer wood base and a harder wood shaft are used. Rubbing the shaft against the base can generate enough heat for ignition.
• Battery and Steel Wool: Stretching steel wool across a battery’s positive and negative terminals creates a short circuit, which ignites the wool. This can be used to light tinder.

Each method has its own set of challenges and best-use cases. Being familiar with several can significantly improve your ability to start a fire in varying conditions.

Resource: 4 Emergency Fire Starters (video)

How to Attract Attention When Lost

When you’re lost, attracting attention can be a lifesaver. Here are some methods to signal for help for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Noise: A whistle is ideal for signaling. If you’re in a boat or vehicle, the horn can be used. Three blasts serve as a universal distress signal.
• Mirror or Light: Use a signal mirror during the day. At night or in low-light, a flashlight or flare can be effective for signaling.
• Color and Motion: Brightly colored clothes increase visibility. A homemade flag can also be used; wave it when you hear rescuers approaching.
• Ground Markings: Creating large SOS signs or symbols from rocks or logs can attract attention from the air.
• Fire and Smoke: A fire is not only useful for warmth but also for signaling. Adding damp leaves or grass can produce more smoke, making it visible during daytime.

Using multiple methods increases your chances of being found. The aim is to be as visible and audible as possible to catch the attention of rescuers.

Resources: How to Signal for Ground Rescue (video)
Surface to Air Visual and Body Signals (website)
Distress Signals for Water Emergencies (video)

How to Use a Signal Mirror

Using a signal mirror is a good way to attract attention, especially from a distance. Here’s how to do it for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

1. Hold the mirror close to your face, aiming it towards the sun. Some mirrors have a small hole in the middle; if yours does, look through it.
2. Use your other hand to make a “V” shape with your fingers. Look through the “V” and locate your target (e.g., a distant plane or ship).
3. Align the mirror so that sunlight passes through the hole, or reflects off the mirror, and aims toward your target. You’ll see a bright spot; this is your signal.
4. Move the bright spot back and forth across your target to increase the chances of being noticed.
5. Keep signaling intermittently to conserve energy but frequently enough to catch attention.

Timing and aim are critical. You want to direct the bright spot precisely on the target for maximum visibility. Signal mirrors work best in sunny conditions and can signal up to miles away depending on the conditions.

Resource: How to Use a Signal Mirror (video)

Ground to Air Signals

Ground-to-air signals are symbols made on the ground to communicate with aircraft overhead. These are standardized signals that pilots are trained to recognize. Here’s what some of the common ones mean for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• SOS: Indicates distress and need for rescue. Create large, easily visible letters.
• X: Unable to proceed. You’re stuck and need immediate assistance.
• N: No or negative. Used to answer a question posed by the aircraft, like “Can you move?”
• Y: Yes or affirmative. The opposite of “N,” used to indicate approval or understanding of a message from the aircraft.
• Arrow: Indicates direction of travel. This is helpful if you’re trying to show which way you’re headed, potentially leading rescuers to you.
• F: Need food and water.
• I: Serious injuries, need medical supplies.
• LL: All is well; disregard previous signals.
• U: You are headed in the wrong direction.
• P: Indicate that you’ll be listening on a specific radio frequency at a particular time, usually given by drawing a clock next to the ‘P’.
• Numeric Symbols: Numbers can be used to indicate the number of people in your group.
• Two Parallel Lines: Indicates you’re proceeding in two different directions and rescuers should search both ways.

These signals should be at least 8 feet in length and contrast with the surrounding area for best visibility. Using logs, rocks, or creating furrows in the ground are common ways to make these signals. The clearer and larger you can make them, the easier it will be for pilots to see and understand your message.

Treating Drinking Water

Making sure you have clean water is critical in outdoor survival. Here are some methods to treat water for the Wilderness Survival merit badge:

• Boiling: Bring water to a rolling boil for at least one minute. At higher altitudes, boil for three minutes. This kills most pathogens but won’t remove chemical contaminants.
• Filtration: Use a portable water filter to remove protozoa, bacteria, and sometimes viruses. Make sure it meets at least the EPA’s purification guidelines.
• Chemical Treatment: Iodine or chlorine dioxide tablets can disinfect water, but they require a waiting period and may leave a taste.
• UV Sterilization: Portable UV sterilizers can kill bacteria and viruses but require batteries.
• Solar Disinfection: Fill a clear plastic bottle with water and leave it in direct sunlight for several hours. This method is less reliable and takes longer.

Each method has its pros and cons, so use the best option available to you. When in doubt, using a combination of methods increases the safety of your drinking water.

Resources: Purifying Water (video)
Melting Snow for Water (website)

The Risks of Foraging

Eating wild plants or wildlife in a survival situation carries several risks:

• Identification: It’s easy to mistake poisonous plants or fungi for edible ones. Knowing how to correctly identify edible plants or animals is crucial. A wrong identification can lead to poisoning or illness.
• Insect Hazards: Edible insects may bite or sting, leading to allergic reactions or infections.
• Energy Expenditure: Hunting or foraging consumes energy and may yield little return, which can worsen your situation. Searching for food consumes valuable energy that could be better spent on other survival tasks, like signaling for help.
• Staying Put: Venturing too far in search of food risks moving away from a location where rescuers might be looking for you.
• Legal: Hunting without a license or out of season is generally illegal. Killing an animal for survival when rescue is imminent might be considered unnecessary.
• Digestive Risk: Your digestive system may not be accustomed to certain wild foods, causing gastrointestinal distress that could worsen dehydration.
• Attraction of Predators: The smell of freshly killed game or even some plant material could attract unwanted attention from predators like bears or wolves.
• Food vs. Time: The human body can go weeks without food, so your energy is better spent on finding water and staying safe.

In summary, the risks often outweigh the benefits when it comes to eating wild plants and animals in a survival situation. Focus on signaling for help and finding safe water instead. This knowledge for the Wilderness Survival merit badge will keep you from harm.

Exploring Careers Connected to Wilderness Skills

When you work on this option, your goal is to learn how outdoor skills connect to real jobs. Start by thinking about jobs where people work outside or help others in nature. Then choose one career to research in detail. You can use books, trusted websites, or talk to someone who works in that field.

As you research, look at the training and education needed. Some jobs require college, while others need certifications or hands-on training. Also check the cost of training so you understand what it takes to get started. This helps you see if the career fits your interests and plans.

You should also learn about job duties and daily work. Some jobs involve teaching, some focus on safety, and others are about caring for land or wildlife. Look at salary and job outlook too. This tells you if jobs are available and what you might earn.

Think about career growth. Ask how someone can move up or take on new roles over time. Many outdoor careers offer chances to lead teams, teach others, or specialize in certain skills.

Here are some careers you might explore further:

• park ranger
• search and rescue worker
• wilderness guide
• environmental scientist
• forestry technician
• outdoor educator
• wildlife biologist
• emergency management specialist

After your research, think about what interests you. Be ready to tell your counselor what you learned and why the career might be a good fit for you.

Resources: Wilderness Jobs (website)
Unusual Careers in the Wilderness (video)

Hobbies and Volunteer Opportunities

This option helps you see how your skills can be used in your daily life. Wilderness survival skills are useful for hobbies and for helping others. Start by thinking about what you enjoy doing outdoors and how you could build on those skills.

Look into any training you might need. Some activities need basic safety courses, while others may require certifications. Check the cost for gear and training so you can plan ahead. Many outdoor hobbies can start simple and grow over time.

You can also use your skills to volunteer. Groups often need help with outdoor programs, conservation work, or safety training. This is a good way to practice your skills and help your community at the same time.

Set some goals for yourself. A short-term goal might be learning a new skill or joining a local group. A long-term goal could be leading activities or teaching others. Goals help you stay focused and keep improving.

Here are some hobbies to consider:

• camping
• backpacking
• hiking
• fishing
• nature study
• orienteering
• geocaching
• outdoor photography

You might also look into organizations that support outdoor activities and service. Examples include local parks, conservation groups, and Scout units. Be ready to discuss with your counselor how you would get started and what you hope to achieve over time.

Resource: Ultralight Backpacking (website)

National Outdoor Awards – Adventure Segment Requirements

For Scouts pursuing the Wilderness Survival merit badge, earning the National Outdoor Award Adventure Segment can be a natural next step. Both accolades promote outdoor preparedness and adventure but the National Outdoor Award takes it up a notch, challenging Scouts to venture into more demanding high-adventure activities like multi-day backpacking or sailing.

Completing the Wilderness Survival merit badge even fulfills one of the requirements for the Adventure Segment. If you’re an older Scout finding your regular activities a bit too routine, this could be a great way to up the ante. Consider integrating the National Outdoor Awards into your troop’s activities to enrich everyone’s outdoor experience.

Spending a Night in the Woods Alone

A reader asks about a Scout spending the night in the woods alone. He was wondering if this was done as part of the Wilderness Survival merit badge. It might be part of the Wilderness Survival merit badge, which does include an overnight stay in an improvised shelter.

Alternatively, it could relate to an Order of the Arrow induction, where Scouts “sleep apart from other campers.” Importantly, “alone” in a Scouting context doesn’t mean complete isolation. Whether for a merit badge or OA event, safety measures are in place, and adults are nearby to ensure well-being. So, “alone” is a bit of a nuanced term in these scenarios.

More Merit Badge Resources

The Wilderness Survival Merit Badge teaches Scouts how to stay safe and calm in nature when things do not go as planned. Scouts learn how to build shelters, find water, signal for help, and take care of themselves in difficult situations. These skills build confidence and self-reliance. The badge also encourages problem-solving and teamwork, since surviving outdoors often depends on staying alert and helping others.

This badge fits into the larger merit badge program by adding practical outdoor experience to a wide range of learning opportunities. With over 135 merit badges available, Scouts can explore science, arts, sports, service, and adventure. Wilderness Survival connects strongly to the outdoor spirit of Scouting, reminding Scouts that preparation and knowledge are key to success. It helps them grow in responsibility, leadership, and respect for nature, all central goals of the merit badge program.

Learn More about Scouts BSA

The Wilderness Survival Merit Badge fits into the Scouts BSA program by teaching responsibility, preparation, and leadership under pressure. Scouts learn how to plan ahead, stay calm, and make smart decisions when facing challenges outdoors. These experiences build confidence and self-control. Leading a group or helping others in a survival situation strengthens leadership and teamwork skills that carry over into troop activities and daily life.

This badge also supports fitness, citizenship, and personal development. Wilderness survival requires physical strength and mental focus, encouraging Scouts to stay active and alert. It also teaches respect for nature and care for the environment, which connects to good citizenship. By learning to depend on their knowledge instead of technology, Scouts discover independence and resourcefulness. The Wilderness Survival Merit Badge helps develop the strength, character, and sense of responsibility that are central to the Scouts BSA program.

What is the purpose of the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge?

The Wilderness Survival Merit Badge aims to equip Scouts with the skills and knowledge to survive and stay safe in outdoor settings, teaching basic survival techniques, first aid, and emergency preparedness.

Who can earn the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge?

Any registered Scout BSA member can earn the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge. It’s recommended for those who have an interest in outdoor activities, but no prerequisite skills are required.

What are the main components of the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge requirements?

The requirements for the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge cover topics like identifying hazards, first aid, priorities in survival situations, and improvising natural shelters. Scouts will also learn to build fires without matches and assemble a personal survival kit.

Do I actually have to spend a night in a shelter I build for the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge?

Yes, one of the requirements for the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge is to build a natural shelter and spend a night in it to demonstrate your understanding of the techniques involved.

Can I use the skills learned for other merit badges for the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge?

Absolutely. Skills like first aid and outdoor preparedness are useful for badges like Hiking, Camping, and First Aid.

Are there any risks involved in the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge?

As with any outdoor activity, there are inherent risks, but following the guidelines and taking precautions will minimize them. Your Wilderness Survival Merit Badge will help you earn the badge using appropriate safety measures.

The Wilderness Survival Merit Badge teaches Scouts the skills they need to survive in the outdoors. It goes beyond the basics by focusing on real-life survival situations. Scouts learn how to stay safe in the wilderness by understanding the seven priorities of survival. These priorities help them make good decisions when faced with dangerous situations. The badge also covers first aid for outdoor injuries and how to handle emergencies in the backcountry.

One of the most important parts of the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge is mental preparedness. Scouts learn how to stay calm and keep a positive attitude, which can make a big difference in survival situations. Staying calm can help them avoid panic, think clearly, and make smart choices.

Scouts also practice survival skills with hands-on activities. They build shelters with materials they find in nature, and they learn how to start a fire without matches. These skills are not only useful but also fun to practice. The badge teaches Scouts to be responsible, keeping their impact on the environment as small as possible.

Earning the Wilderness Survival Merit Badge gives Scouts practical knowledge for outdoor adventures. They are better prepared for emergencies and more confident in their ability to handle challenges in the wild. This badge is important for any Scout who spends time in nature.