Metalwork Merit Badge

The Metalwork Merit Badge is a great opportunity for Scouts to learn important skills in metalworking. By working on this badge, Scouts gain hands-on experience with tools and techniques used to shape, cut, and join metal. They get to create useful or decorative items out of metal, learning how to work safely and precisely.

Earning the Metalwork Merit Badge also builds problem-solving and planning skills. Scouts need to think through each step of a project before starting, which helps them understand the process of making something from start to finish. This focus on planning is an important life skill that can help them in many other areas.

The Metalwork Merit Badge can also inspire Scouts to explore careers in metalworking and other skilled trades. They get a taste of what it’s like to work in a field that requires both skill and creativity. Many people enjoy metalworking as a lifelong hobby, while others turn it into a profession. This badge shows Scouts that working with metal can be both fun and rewarding.

Finally, working on the Metalwork Merit Badge gives Scouts a chance to experience the satisfaction of creating something with their own hands. They learn that metalworking takes patience, practice, and care. Completing a metalwork project can be a real accomplishment and something they can be proud of.

Download the Metalwork Merit Badge Requirements

Metalwork Merit Badge Workbook / Worksheet

Metalwork Merit Badge Check Off Sheet

Checklist for All Merit Badges

Help with Answers for Merit Badge Requirements

Find specific helps for some of the Metalwork merit badge requirements listed below. Some of these resources will just give the answers. Others will provide engaging ways for older Scouts to introduce these concepts to new Scouts.

Staying Safe While Earning the Metalwork Merit Badge

Safety is very important in metalwork. Working with metal involves tools, heat, and sometimes sharp edges. For the Metalwork Merit Badge, Scouts need to understand basic safety rules to avoid injury. First, always wear protective gear like gloves, goggles, and ear protection. These help protect you from burns, cuts, and loud noises that can hurt your ears. Wear long sleeves and closed-toe shoes to protect your skin from sparks and hot metal.

The workspace should be organized and free of clutter. This helps prevent accidents and keeps tools easy to reach. It’s also important to know how each tool works before using it. For example, power tools like grinders and drills can be dangerous if not used correctly. Get instructions from a trusted adult and make sure you feel comfortable before starting.

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, you must also learn additional safety rules based on the type of metalwork you choose in requirement 5. If you are doing sheet metal work, blacksmithing, foundry work, or silversmithing, each option has unique risks and safety steps. For example, blacksmithing involves high temperatures, so there are rules about handling hot metal. Discuss these with your counselor and follow them closely to stay safe.

Safety in metalworking is not just about protecting yourself. It’s also about respecting the workspace and tools. By following these rules, you keep the work area safe for yourself and others, which is an important part of earning the Metalwork Merit Badge.

Key Metalworking Terms for the Metalwork Merit Badge

Understanding metalworking terms helps you get a good start on the Metalwork Merit Badge. These terms give you background knowledge about different types of metals and how they’re used in projects. Here are some important words to know.

Native Metal
A native metal is a metal found in nature in its pure form, without needing to be separated from other materials. For example, gold and copper can be found as native metals. Native metals are rare, but they are easier to shape and use because they are pure.

Malleable
Malleable means that a metal can be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. Malleable metals, like gold and copper, are easy to shape and bend. Malleability is useful in metalwork because it lets you create different forms without the metal cracking.

Metallurgy
Metallurgy is the science of working with metals. It includes studying how metals behave, how to refine and strengthen them, and how to shape them for different uses. Metallurgy helps us understand which metals work best for certain projects, whether it’s making jewelry or building tools.

Alloy
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals combined to create a new metal with specific qualities. For example, bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Alloys are important because they can be made stronger, lighter, or more resistant to rust, depending on the metals used.

Nonferrous
Nonferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron. Examples include aluminum, copper, and gold. Nonferrous metals are usually lighter and do not rust, so they are good for making tools, jewelry, and other items that need to last without corroding.

Ferrous
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron. Steel and cast iron are ferrous metals. They are usually strong and durable, making them good for construction and tools. However, ferrous metals can rust when exposed to water or moisture.

Knowing these terms helps you better understand the materials and methods used in the Metalwork Merit Badge. Understanding these definitions will also make it easier to choose the right metal for your project and follow safe practices.

Ancient Nonferrous Alloys for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, it’s helpful to know about the nonferrous alloys used by early metalworkers before the Iron Age. These alloys were important because they were strong and useful, even though they did not contain iron. Here are some examples:

Bronze
Bronze was one of the most important nonferrous alloys used in ancient times. It is made by combining copper and tin. Bronze was popular because it is harder than pure copper, which made it useful for making tools, weapons, and sculptures. The period when bronze was widely used is known as the Bronze Age.

Brass
Brass is another nonferrous alloy made from copper and zinc. Ancient metalworkers used brass to make coins, jewelry, and decorative items. Brass is easier to shape and has a golden color, which made it a favorite for decorative objects.

Electrum
Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, though sometimes copper was added to adjust its color and hardness. Ancient people used electrum to make coins, jewelry, and ceremonial items. Because of its natural shine, it was considered valuable and used for high-status items.

These nonferrous alloys were used by early civilizations to create stronger tools and beautiful objects. For the Metalwork Merit Badge, knowing about these ancient alloys helps you understand how metalworking skills have developed over time and why certain metals were used for specific purposes.

Modern Ferrous Alloys for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, it’s useful to learn about ferrous alloys. These are alloys that contain iron and are widely used in modern metalworking. Here are some common ferrous alloys that metalworkers rely on today:

Steel
Steel is one of the most common ferrous alloys, made by mixing iron with a small amount of carbon. Adding carbon makes steel much stronger than pure iron. Steel is used in buildings, tools, cars, and machinery because it is strong and flexible. There are many types of steel, including carbon steel, stainless steel, and tool steel, each made for specific uses.

Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is made by combining iron, carbon, and chromium. The chromium gives stainless steel its rust-resistant quality, making it useful for kitchen utensils, medical tools, and outdoor equipment. Stainless steel is popular because it is durable and does not rust easily.

Cast Iron
Cast iron is another ferrous alloy made from iron, carbon, and sometimes silicon. It has a higher carbon content than steel, which makes it very hard but also brittle. Cast iron is used for cookware, pipes, and engine parts. It is also popular for making manhole covers and heavy-duty machinery because it can withstand high temperatures.

Tool Steel
Tool steel is a special type of steel alloy made to be especially hard and heat-resistant. It usually contains iron, carbon, and other elements like tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium. Tool steel is used to make cutting tools, drills, and other tools that need to stay strong and sharp even with heavy use.

These ferrous alloys help metalworkers create items that are strong, durable, and able to withstand different types of wear and tear. Knowing about these alloys will give you a good foundation in metalworking for the Metalwork Merit Badge.

How to Work-Harden Metal for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, understanding how to work-harden metal can be useful. Work-hardening, or strain hardening, is a way to make metal stronger by changing its structure through physical force. Here’s how it works and how it’s done:

What is Work-Hardening?
Work-hardening involves bending, hammering, or rolling a piece of metal to make it harder. When a metal is shaped or deformed, its internal structure changes. The atoms in the metal move and lock into new positions, making it tougher and less flexible. Metals like copper, brass, and some steels respond well to work-hardening.

How to Work-Harden a Metal
To work-harden a metal, start by hammering or bending it with controlled, even pressure. For example, hitting a copper sheet with a hammer on an anvil or running it through a rolling mill both work. Each strike or pass causes tiny changes in the metal’s structure, making it harder. Be careful not to hit too hard, as this can crack or break some metals.

Knowing When to Stop
Work-hardening is effective up to a point, but overworking a metal can make it brittle and cause it to crack. If you notice the metal becoming too stiff or hard to shape, it may need to be annealed, or softened, by heating it up and then letting it cool. This makes it easier to work with again if more shaping is needed.

Work-hardening is a valuable technique for strengthening parts of a metalworking project without adding extra material. Learning this skill for the Metalwork Merit Badge can help you understand how to control a metal’s strength and flexibility for different projects.

How to Anneal Metals for the Metalwork Merit Badge

Annealing is a way to soften metal, making it easier to shape without breaking. For the Metalwork Merit Badge, it’s important to know how to anneal both nonferrous and ferrous metals. Although the process is similar, there are some differences in how it’s done.

Annealing Nonferrous Metals
Nonferrous metals, like copper, brass, and aluminum, are softened through annealing by heating them to a specific temperature and then cooling them. To anneal a nonferrous metal, heat it with a torch until it glows a dull red (for copper and brass) or slightly lower for aluminum. This temperature allows the metal’s atoms to rearrange, making it softer and easier to work. Once it’s heated evenly, let it cool slowly by leaving it in open air or, in some cases, quickly cool it in water. The metal will now be soft and ready for shaping.

Annealing Ferrous Metals
Ferrous metals, like steel and iron, are also annealed by heating, but they usually require a slower cooling process. Heat the ferrous metal to a bright red color and then let it cool very slowly. One way to do this is by burying the heated metal in sand or ashes to trap the heat, allowing it to cool down gradually. This slow cooling makes the metal more flexible and easier to shape without becoming brittle.

Annealing helps metalworkers avoid cracking and breaking metal during shaping. For the Metalwork Merit Badge, learning to anneal both nonferrous and ferrous metals is a valuable skill that makes it easier to work on complex projects.

How to Work-Harden Sheet Brass or Copper for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, work-hardening a piece of sheet brass or copper by bending and peening (hammering) it is a useful way to understand how metal changes when worked. This process strengthens the metal along the bend line, making it tougher and less likely to bend further.

Bend the Metal
Start with a 26- or 28-gauge sheet of brass or copper. Use pliers or a bending tool to create a 45-degree bend in the metal. Notice that it takes some force to start bending, especially since the metal resists at first, known as the “yield point.” The yield point is the point where the metal stops springing back and starts to hold the new shape. Overcoming this point takes effort, especially in an unworked piece of metal, but becomes easier once you reach it.

Peen the Bend Line
After bending, you will strengthen or work-harden the metal along the bend line by peening. Peening means lightly hammering along the edge of the bend line with a rounded hammer, or ball-peen hammer. Hammer carefully and evenly along the bend. Each strike compresses the metal, aligning its internal structure and making it harder.

Observe the Results
Notice how the metal becomes stiffer along the bend line as you continue peening. Work-hardening the metal by peening increases its strength in this area. The bend will now hold up better to stress, and it will be harder to bend it back or further.

Work-hardening through bending and peening shows how metal’s properties change with physical force. This skill helps you understand how metal can be shaped and strengthened for projects in the Metalwork Merit Badge.

How to Anneal and Soften Your Work-Hardened Metal for the Metalwork Merit Badge

In the Metalwork Merit Badge, annealing a work-hardened metal piece helps you understand how to soften metal and make it easier to shape. After work-hardening your piece of brass or copper by bending and peening it, you’ll now anneal it to soften the metal and see how it affects its flexibility.

Heat the Metal to Anneal It
To soften the metal, use a torch to heat the work-hardened piece until it reaches a dull red glow. This heat relaxes the metal’s structure, allowing the atoms to rearrange and releasing the tension created by peening. Make sure to heat the entire bend area evenly for the best results. When annealing brass or copper, you can cool it quickly by placing it in water, or let it cool slowly in the air.

Remove the 45-Degree Bend
Once annealed, try to straighten out the 45-degree bend you created earlier. You’ll notice that the softened metal now requires much less force to overcome the yield point and reshape it. The metal will bend back smoothly with less resistance than before because the annealing process has made it flexible again.

Compare the Effort Required
Note the difference in effort needed to bend the annealed piece versus the work-hardened piece. After annealing, the metal’s yield point is lower, making it easier to reshape without cracking or breaking. This shows how annealing can be useful for metal projects where you need to work the metal multiple times.

By practicing annealing in the Metalwork Merit Badge, you learn to control a metal’s hardness and flexibility, a skill that’s valuable for many types of metalworking projects.

Creating a Temper Color Index and Tempering a Center Punch for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, making a temper color index and tempering a center punch teaches you how heat affects steel’s hardness and toughness. These skills help you understand how to prepare tools for use.

Make a Temper Color Index
A temper color index shows the different colors steel turns when heated to specific temperatures. Start with a flat piece of steel, then heat it evenly with a torch or in a forge. As the steel heats, you’ll see a color change from light yellow to brown, purple, blue, and finally gray as the temperature rises. Each color indicates a different level of hardness, with light yellow being the hardest and blue indicating a softer, more flexible state. Record these colors as they appear on your steel to use as a reference for future projects.

Shape the Center Punch
Next, use hand tools to shape a piece of medium-carbon or high-carbon steel into a center punch. A center punch is a tool used to make small marks on metal surfaces, which is helpful when starting a drill hole. File one end to a point and shape the handle to make it comfortable to hold. This shaping process is important before tempering, as it prepares the tool for its purpose.

Harden and Temper the Center Punch
To make your center punch tough and long-lasting, you’ll need to harden and temper it. First, heat the pointed end of the punch until it’s red-hot, then cool it quickly by dipping it in water or oil. This hardening step makes the punch very hard, but it also makes it brittle. To balance hardness with flexibility, heat the punch again until you see a straw-yellow color near the point, then let it cool slowly. This tempering process makes the tool tough enough to withstand impact without breaking.

Creating a temper color index and tempering a center punch are important steps in learning how to make and finish tools. By completing this requirement for the Metalwork Merit Badge, you gain experience in hardening and tempering, skills that make tools more durable and effective for metalworking.

Career Opportunities in Metalworking for the Metalwork Merit Badge

Here are some career options in metalworking that Scouts can explore further. Each career involves working with metals in unique and skilled ways.

Blacksmith
Blacksmiths use traditional forging techniques to shape metal by heating and hammering it. They create custom tools, gates, railings, and decorative items.

Welder
Welders join metal pieces together by melting them with heat or electricity. They work on everything from construction and pipelines to automotive and aerospace manufacturing.

Metal Fabricator
Metal fabricators cut, shape, and assemble metal parts into final products or structures. They work in construction, manufacturing, and shipbuilding.

Machinist
Machinists operate machines like lathes, mills, and grinders to make precise metal parts. They work in industries that require high-precision parts, like automotive, medical, and electronics.

Jeweler
Jewelers design and create metal jewelry. They work with precious metals and may also set gemstones, repair jewelry, and perform intricate metalworking techniques.

Sheet Metal Worker
Sheet metal workers shape flat metal sheets into ducts, roofing, siding, and other products for construction. They work in HVAC, roofing, and general construction.

Tool and Die Maker
Tool and die makers create the tools and molds used in manufacturing. They work with blueprints and use precise measuring and machining to make parts that create other products.

Metal Sculptor
Metal sculptors are artists who create sculptures using metal. They often weld, cut, and shape metals into decorative and expressive forms for art installations or exhibitions.

Foundry Worker
Foundry workers melt metals and pour them into molds to create cast metal parts. They work in foundries and create items for manufacturing, construction, and industrial machinery.

Metallurgist
Metallurgists study the properties and behavior of metals. They develop new metal alloys and test metals to improve their strength, durability, and performance.

Industrial Designer
Industrial designers create designs for metal products like furniture, tools, or household items. They combine technical skills with creative design to make functional products.

Quality Control Inspector
Quality control inspectors check metal parts and products to ensure they meet design specifications. They use tools and measurements to verify quality, often in manufacturing.

Pipefitter
Pipefitters install and repair piping systems that carry water, chemicals, and gases. They work with metal pipes in industries like construction, oil and gas, and manufacturing.

Automotive or Aerospace Technician
These technicians specialize in metalworking for cars, planes, or spacecraft. They use metalworking skills to repair, maintain, or build vehicles and parts.

Metalworking Instructor
Instructors teach metalworking techniques in schools, colleges, or workshops. They train the next generation of metalworkers in welding, machining, fabrication, and more.

These careers offer a range of opportunities to apply metalworking skills. Scouts working on the Metalwork Merit Badge can explore each option to find a field that interests them.

Essential Sheet Metalworking Tools for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, learning about the basic tools used in sheet metalworking is an important step. These tools help you cut, shape, and join metal sheets to create projects. Here are some of the basic tools and their uses:

Snips
Snips, or tin snips, are handheld cutters for cutting thin sheets of metal. They come in different types, including straight, left-cutting, and right-cutting snips, which help make straight cuts or curves. Snips are useful for cutting shapes out of sheet metal without using power tools.

Sheet Metal Shears
Sheet metal shears are larger, heavy-duty cutting tools that can make long, straight cuts through metal sheets. Some are manual, while others are electric. They provide more cutting power than snips and are often used for bigger pieces of metal.

Hammers and Mallets
Ball-peen hammers and rubber or wooden mallets are used to shape sheet metal. The ball-peen hammer is good for light shaping, and the mallet allows you to form metal without leaving hammer marks. These tools are helpful for bending or shaping metal around forms.

Aviation Snips
Aviation snips are a type of tin snip designed for more precise cutting and control. They can handle thicker sheet metal than regular snips and are often color-coded (red, green, and yellow) to show which direction they cut. These are ideal for detailed, controlled cuts in metal sheets.

Seamers
Seamers, also known as hand seamers, have flat jaws that can grip and bend sheet metal with precision. They are perfect for making clean, even bends along a straight line, such as in making folds and seams in ducts and other metal parts.

Metal Files
Metal files are used to smooth the edges of cut metal. After cutting or shaping, sheet metal can have rough edges, and filing them down makes the piece safer to handle. Files come in different shapes and sizes, depending on the type of smoothing needed.

Hole Punch
A hole punch creates small holes in sheet metal, useful for rivets, screws, or bolts. Punches come in handheld or larger, bench-mounted versions. They’re faster than drilling when you need clean, even holes.

Rivet Gun
A rivet gun is used to join metal pieces by inserting rivets through pre-punched holes. The gun flattens the rivet to secure the pieces together, creating a strong and permanent joint without welding.

Bending Brake
A bending brake is a larger tool used to make precise bends in sheet metal. It has a flat, clamping surface that holds the metal in place while you lift a handle to make a straight, clean bend. Bending brakes are useful for making edges and folds.

Knowing these basic sheet metalworking tools helps you understand the types of tools used to cut, shape, and connect metal sheets for various projects. Using these tools properly is an important skill in the Metalwork Merit Badge.

Simple Sheet Metal Project Ideas for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, creating objects from sheet metal helps Scouts practice measuring, cutting, and shaping metal. Here are two simple projects: a small metal box and a metal candle holder. Each sketch includes the necessary dimensions, which can be adjusted based on your preference. These projects use basic sheet metalworking skills and tools.

Project 1: Small Metal Box

Description: A small rectangular box with a lid is a great way to learn folding and joining techniques. This box can be used to hold small items like nails, screws, or spare change.

Components and Dimensions:

• Bottom Piece: 8 inches x 4 inches
• Sides (2 pieces): 8 inches x 2 inches (for longer sides)
• Ends (2 pieces): 4 inches x 2 inches (for shorter ends)
• Lid: 8 inches x 4 inches, with a 1/2 inch fold on each side to overlap the box

Assembly:

1. Cut out each piece to the specified dimensions.
2. Bend the sides and ends to create a 90-degree angle, then join them with rivets or spot welds.
3. Fit the lid over the top by folding each edge to overlap the box slightly.

Project 2: Metal Candle Holder

Description: A basic candle holder with a flat base and a raised edge is a practical project that involves shaping and bending metal.

Components and Dimensions:

• Base Plate: 5 inches x 5 inches
• Edge Strip: 16 inches x 1 inch (to wrap around the base and create a small lip to keep the candle in place)
• Handle: 3 inches x 1 inch (optional for carrying)

Assembly:

1. Cut the base plate and the edge strip to the specified sizes.
2. Shape the edge strip into a circle and attach it to the base to form a raised edge, using rivets or spot welds.
3. Attach the handle to one side if desired.

Creating these projects gives Scouts a chance to work with real sheet metal, learning to measure, cut, bend, and join metal parts. These skills are essential for completing the Metalwork Merit Badge and can be applied to more complex projects as skills improve.

Building Sheet Metal Projects for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, making two objects from 24- or 26-gauge sheet metal gives Scouts a chance to practice key metalworking techniques. These techniques include cutting, bending, edging, and either soldering or brazing. At least one project should include a riveted component, and if you’re not using zinc- or tin-plated sheet steel, it’s important to preserve your finished work from rust.

Step-by-Step Guide to Making Your Projects

1. Choose and Prepare Patterns
   Start by selecting or creating patterns for your projects. Your counselor may provide patterns, or you can create your own, which need to be approved by your counselor. Patterns help you accurately mark where to cut, bend, and attach components. For example, a simple box and a wall-mounted key holder are two practical projects.
2. Cutting the Metal
   Using metal snips or a shear, carefully cut your pieces from 24- or 26-gauge sheet metal according to the pattern. Take your time to follow the lines closely for precise cuts, as this will make the assembly easier and the final product more professional.
3. Bending and Edging
   Bend the pieces at the marked fold lines, using a bending brake or hand seamers to achieve straight edges and clean angles. For any edges that may be sharp or exposed, use edging techniques like folding over the edge or using a metal file to smooth it. This adds safety and strengthens the edges.
4. Joining with Rivets, Soldering, or Brazing
   • Riveting: For at least one project, include a riveted component. Drill small holes in the pieces to be joined, then insert rivets and secure them with a rivet gun. Rivets are useful for creating a strong, non-permanent joint.
   • Soldering or Brazing: Soldering uses a lower temperature than brazing and can be applied to smaller parts. Brazing involves heating the metal to a higher temperature and is stronger, making it ideal for heavier-duty connections. Use flux to clean the metal, then heat it until the solder or brazing rod melts and bonds the parts together.
5. Preserving from Oxidation
   If you’re using a material other than zinc-plated or tin-plated sheet steel, protect your finished projects from rust or tarnish. You can apply a clear metal sealant, paint, or polish to protect the metal surface from moisture and air, which helps prevent oxidation.

Example Project Ideas

• Small Box with Riveted Lid: Make a simple metal box with a riveted lid to practice cutting, bending, and riveting. This box can be used for holding small items, like screws or bolts.
• Wall-Mounted Key Holder: Create a key holder by bending and soldering a flat piece of metal into a base with hooks. Adding a riveted or soldered backing plate reinforces it for wall mounting.

By making these projects, you gain valuable hands-on experience in metalworking skills that are foundational for the Metalwork Merit Badge. This process teaches you how to design and construct objects that are strong, functional, and well-finished.

Essential Silversmithing Tools for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, understanding silversmithing tools gives Scouts insight into the fine metalworking techniques used in crafting silver items. Silversmiths use specific tools to shape, join, and polish silver, allowing them to create jewelry, tableware, and decorative items. Here are some of the basic tools silversmiths use and their purposes.

Jeweler’s Saw
The jeweler’s saw is a small, fine-toothed saw used to cut precise shapes and designs in silver. It allows silversmiths to make detailed cuts without damaging the surrounding metal, which is crucial for intricate patterns or custom shapes.

Files
Files come in various shapes and sizes, including flat, round, and half-round. They are used to smooth rough edges, refine shapes, and add small details to silver pieces. Files allow silversmiths to shape and finish their work with control and precision.

Chasing Hammer
A chasing hammer is a lightweight hammer with a slightly domed face. It’s used for detailed work, like adding texture or patterns to the silver surface. The hammer, often used with chasing and repousse punches, allows the silversmith to shape the metal without damaging it.

Anvil or Bench Block
An anvil or bench block is a solid metal surface that provides support while hammering or shaping the silver. Silversmiths use it as a stable base when creating bends, flattening metal, or adding textures.

Burnisher
A burnisher is a smooth, rounded tool, often made from steel or agate, used to polish and smooth the silver surface. By rubbing the burnisher across the metal, silversmiths create a shiny, reflective finish without removing any silver.

Soldering Torch
A soldering torch heats up silver pieces for joining them with silver solder. It allows silversmiths to fuse parts together without affecting the shape of the metal. Soldering is essential for creating strong, clean connections between pieces.

Pliers
Silversmiths use pliers like flat-nose, round-nose, and chain-nose pliers to grip, bend, and twist silver. These pliers provide control for making loops, bending small details, and holding pieces securely during work.

Dapping Block and Punches
A dapping block is a tool with various dome-shaped depressions, and dapping punches are rounded rods that fit into these shapes. Silversmiths use these tools to form domes or curves in the silver by hammering it into the block, which is helpful for creating rounded or bowl-shaped pieces.

Polishing Wheel
The polishing wheel, usually attached to a motorized tool, is used to add a final polish to silver pieces. It helps remove scratches and gives the finished product a smooth, shiny surface, which is essential for a professional look.

Learning about these tools gives Scouts a look into the world of silversmithing, where skill and precision are key. These tools allow silversmiths to shape, join, and finish silver to create beautiful, functional items, and understanding their use is an important part of the Metalwork Merit Badge.

Simple Silver Project Ideas for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, creating small items from sheet silver is a way to practice cutting, shaping, and joining techniques. Here are two basic project ideas: a silver pendant and a small silver tray. These projects help Scouts learn basic silversmithing skills while working with dimensions.

Project 1: Silver Pendant

Description: A silver pendant is a simple project that helps you practice cutting, filing, and polishing. It’s a small, wearable item that you can shape into a basic design, such as a heart or an initial.

Components and Dimensions:

• Pendant Base: 1-inch x 1-inch (custom shape such as a circle, heart, or rectangle)
• Hole for Chain: 1/8-inch diameter (drilled at the top for attaching a chain or cord)

Assembly:

1. Cut out the pendant shape from the sheet silver using a jeweler’s saw.
2. File and smooth the edges, then polish the surface.
3. Drill a small hole at the top for a chain or jump ring to attach it.

This pendant project helps you work on detail, shaping, and polishing, which are key skills for silversmithing.

Project 2: Small Silver Tray

Description: A small silver tray is a slightly more complex project that involves bending and shaping. It can be used to hold rings, coins, or other small items.

Components and Dimensions:

• Tray Base: 4 inches x 3 inches (rectangle)
• Edges: 1/4 inch bend-up along all four sides to create a lip

Assembly:

1. Cut the rectangular base out of sheet silver using the jeweler’s saw.
2. Use a hammer and dapping block or flat bench block to gently bend each edge up 1/4 inch to form a shallow lip.
3. Smooth and file all edges, then polish the entire tray.

Creating this small tray teaches Scouts how to work with edges, shape metal for practical uses, and complete a clean, polished finish. Both projects build foundational skills needed for the Metalwork Merit Badge and give Scouts a better understanding of working with silver.

Creating Copper Projects with Soldered Joints for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, building objects from 18- or 20-gauge sheet copper gives Scouts a chance to learn more advanced techniques, including soldering, sawing, and creating sunken shapes. Each project helps build skills needed for metalworking and adds to your knowledge in shaping and joining metals. Here are two project ideas that meet the requirement for soldered joints, a sawed component, and a sunken part.

Project 1: Copper Pendant with a Sunken Design

Description: This copper pendant has a simple, sunken (concave) center design and a sawed-out decorative shape. It’s a wearable item that involves both shaping and soldering techniques.

Components and Dimensions:

• Pendant Base: 1.5-inch x 1.5-inch square (or round shape) with a 1/8-inch sunken area in the center.
• Decorative Overlay: 1-inch x 1-inch smaller copper piece with a shape cut out (such as a star, heart, or initials) to overlay onto the sunken area.
• Hole for Chain: 1/8-inch diameter hole drilled at the top for attaching a chain.

Assembly:

1. Cut the base pendant shape from the copper sheet and file the edges smooth.
2. Use a dapping block or a rounded tool to gently press a 1/8-inch sunken area in the center of the pendant base.
3. Saw out the decorative shape from the smaller copper piece, then solder it onto the sunken center of the pendant.
4. Drill a small hole at the top, polish the surface, and clean off any oxidation from soldering.

This pendant project allows you to practice creating a sunken design and performing a soldered joint for attachment, while also giving you experience in fine detail work with sawing.

Project 2: Small Copper Box with Soldered Seams

Description: This small copper box with a lid is a more complex project involving multiple parts, soldered seams, and a sawed base. The box is useful for holding small items like coins or paperclips.

Components and Dimensions:

• Box Base: 2-inch x 2-inch square with 1/2-inch sides bent up on each edge.
• Lid: 2.25-inch x 2.25-inch square with 1/8-inch sides bent down to fit over the box.
• Sunken Bottom Plate: 1.5-inch x 1.5-inch square (cut out with a saw and then shaped to sit slightly recessed inside the base).

Assembly:

1. Cut out the main box base, lid, and bottom plate using the saw, filing each edge smooth.
2. Bend the sides of the box and lid to create a container and a lid that fits over it.
3. Solder the seams along each side of the box to secure the shape.
4. Use a dapping block or rounded tool to create a slight sunken effect on the bottom plate, then solder it into place inside the base of the box.
5. Clean and polish the entire box, making sure to remove any oxidation from the soldering process.

This box project includes a sawed component, soldered joints, and a sunken part, meeting the requirements and teaching skills in shaping and joining copper.

These projects are great for Scouts to learn more advanced metalworking skills, including how to create strong soldered joints, add design elements with sawing, and shape sunken features for added detail. Completing these copper projects fulfills the Metalwork Merit Badge requirement and helps Scouts gain confidence in working with metals.

Understanding Two-Piece Molds and Mold Types for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, learning about molds helps Scouts understand how to cast metal objects by creating shapes in metal. A two-piece mold is a basic type of mold that can create detailed, three-dimensional objects. Knowing the parts of a two-piece mold and the different types of molds will help you understand casting techniques.

Basic Parts of a Two-Piece Mold

Cope
The cope is the top half of a two-piece mold. It holds one side of the mold cavity and typically has a funnel or opening (called a sprue) where molten metal is poured. The cope and drag must fit together perfectly to create the desired shape.

Drag
The drag is the bottom half of the two-piece mold. It holds the other side of the mold cavity and matches up with the cope. When the cope and drag are joined, they form the complete mold where the metal will flow and harden.

Mold Cavity
The mold cavity is the empty space within the cope and drag that forms the shape of the object being cast. When filled with molten metal, it takes on the exact shape of the cavity.

Sprue and Vents
The sprue is a channel through which molten metal enters the mold cavity. Vents are small openings that allow trapped air to escape as the metal fills the mold. Together, they help ensure the metal fills the mold completely.

Types of Molds

Sand Mold
Sand molds are made by packing sand around a pattern to form the mold cavity. Sand molds are commonly used for casting iron, brass, and bronze because sand withstands high heat. Sand molds are typically single-use and discarded after casting.

Investment Mold
Investment molds are created by covering a wax or plastic model (the “investment”) with a ceramic material, which hardens into a mold. The wax is then melted out, leaving a detailed cavity. Investment casting, also known as “lost wax casting,” is used for precise work, like jewelry and small metal parts.

Die Mold
Die molds are made from metal and are used repeatedly for casting. They’re usually created from hardened steel and are ideal for high-volume casting processes. Die casting is often used to produce parts for automotive, industrial, and consumer products because die molds last a long time.

Understanding these mold types and the basic parts of a two-piece mold provides valuable knowledge about casting techniques. Learning to work with molds and casting can help Scouts gain skills for the Metalwork Merit Badge and explore more complex metalworking projects.

Metal Casting Project Ideas for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, casting objects in metal gives Scouts hands-on experience with mold-making, pouring, and finishing metal. Here are two project ideas to cast: a small medallion and a decorative metal hook. Both are manageable for beginners and introduce Scouts to casting shapes with detail and function.

Project 1: Small Metal Medallion

Description: A medallion is a simple, circular object that can feature a design on one or both sides. This project helps Scouts learn about casting fine details and results in a keepsake that can be used as a decorative item or pendant.

Components and Dimensions:

• Diameter: 1.5 inches
• Thickness: 1/8 inch
• Design Area: A 1-inch diameter circle in the center for initials, a logo, or a simple pattern

Steps:

1. Create a mold for the medallion using sand or investment material, adding a simple design or initials in the center.
2. Pour molten metal into the mold cavity and let it cool completely.
3. Once cooled, remove the medallion from the mold, and file or polish the edges and surface for a smooth finish.

This project gives Scouts experience in making a small, detailed cast object.

Project 2: Decorative Wall Hook

Description: A small metal hook is both functional and decorative, useful for hanging lightweight items like keys or small tools. This project allows Scouts to practice casting a shape with a curve and includes an attachment area for mounting.

Components and Dimensions:

• Hook Length: 2 inches (from base to tip)
• Base Plate: 1 inch x 1 inch square, 1/4 inch thick
• Hole for Mounting: 1/8-inch diameter hole drilled in the base for attaching to a wall

Steps:

1. Create a mold with a basic hook shape and a flat base with a small recess for the mounting hole.
2. Pour molten metal into the mold and let it cool.
3. Once cooled, remove the hook from the mold, polish the surface, and drill a hole in the base for wall mounting.

Casting a hook teaches Scouts how to create functional shapes with practical uses, such as creating a curve and integrating a mounting feature.

These casting projects give Scouts experience in creating small, functional, and decorative items. By completing these projects, Scouts practice essential casting skills needed for the Metalwork Merit Badge.

Creating and Using Molds for Pewter Casting in the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, Scouts practice mold-making and casting using lead-free pewter. You’ll create two molds: one from a pattern provided by your counselor and one you design and make yourself (with approval). This process teaches you how to position the pouring gate and vents, which are important for successful casting.

Steps for Making and Using Your Molds

Create the Counselor-Provided Mold
Start by using the pattern provided by your counselor to create your first mold. This pattern might be a simple shape like a coin, pendant, or charm. Pack sand, clay, or silicone around the pattern, leaving an impression. Carefully add a pouring gate (where you’ll pour in the molten pewter) and vents (small channels to let air escape). The pouring gate should be positioned at the top or side of the mold to allow the pewter to flow in easily without trapping air.

Make Your Own Mold
Design your second mold pattern yourself and get approval from your counselor. This could be a small, custom shape like a medallion, badge, or miniature plaque. Create the mold in the same way, ensuring the pouring gate and vents are positioned to allow smooth, even flow. Check that the vents are small enough to let air escape but won’t allow the pewter to spill out.

Casting with Lead-Free Pewter
For both molds, melt the lead-free pewter in a safe, heatproof container. Carefully pour the molten pewter into the pouring gate of the first mold. Let the pewter cool and solidify, then gently remove the casting from the mold. Repeat this process for your second mold, using the same techniques to pour, cool, and release the casting.

Finishing the Castings
After casting, file away any rough edges around the gate and vents, then polish the surface to remove any oxidation and give your casting a clean finish.

Why This Process Matters

Creating and positioning the pouring gate and vents is essential for achieving a solid, well-formed casting. Gates allow molten pewter to flow in, and vents let air escape, preventing bubbles and ensuring smooth, even filling of the mold cavity. By making these molds and castings for the Metalwork Merit Badge, Scouts gain practical experience in the steps of metal casting, from mold preparation to finishing, building foundational skills in metalworking.

Essential Blacksmithing Tools for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, it’s helpful to understand the basic tools blacksmiths use to shape and forge metal. These tools are designed for heating, hammering, bending, and cutting metal, and each has a specific role in the blacksmithing process.

Forge
The forge is the blacksmith’s heat source. It burns coal, charcoal, or propane to create high temperatures needed to heat metal until it’s soft enough to shape. Blacksmiths place metal in the forge to heat it until it reaches a glowing red or orange color, which signals that it’s ready to work.

Anvil
The anvil is a heavy metal block used as a surface for hammering and shaping metal. It has a flat top for general work, a round “horn” for bending, and a “hardy hole” for inserting specialty tools. Blacksmiths use the anvil to support their work and to bend, flatten, or form metal into specific shapes.

Hammer
Blacksmiths use different types of hammers, with the cross-peen hammer and ball-peen hammer being the most common. These hammers are used to strike heated metal, shaping it by flattening, drawing out, or adding detail. The type of hammerhead allows for different types of blows, such as creating a rounded effect with a ball-peen or a straight line with a cross-peen.

Tongs
Tongs are long, sturdy pliers that allow blacksmiths to safely hold and move hot metal. Different types of tongs have different grips for holding various shapes, such as flat, round, or square metal. They keep hands at a safe distance from the heat while offering strong control over the workpiece.

Hardy and Fuller Tools
These are tools that fit into the hardy hole on the anvil. A hardy tool is a chisel used for cutting metal, while a fuller is used to create grooves or spread metal. These tools make it easier to cut or shape the metal while it’s on the anvil.

Chisels and Punches
Chisels are used to cut metal, while punches are used to create holes or indentations. Blacksmiths use these tools to add fine details or cut through metal with precision. Punches are especially useful for creating holes for rivets or decorative patterns.

Vise
A vise holds metal in place for detailed work, bending, or twisting. Mounted on a workbench, the vise grips the metal tightly, giving the blacksmith a stable surface to work on without moving the piece around.

Quenching Tank
The quenching tank is filled with water or oil and is used to cool hot metal quickly, which hardens it. Blacksmiths use it to set the metal’s shape or to complete a hardening process after forging.

These basic blacksmithing tools are essential for shaping and forming metal through heat and impact. Learning about these tools and their uses gives Scouts a solid understanding of blacksmithing, helping them develop hands-on skills for the Metalwork Merit Badge.

Hot-Forging Project Ideas for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, hot-forging simple metal objects helps Scouts learn essential blacksmithing techniques, including heating, shaping, and cooling metal. Here are two project ideas: a small metal hook and a basic bottle opener. Both projects introduce foundational skills in metalworking and are suitable for beginners.

Project 1: Small Metal Hook

Description: A small hook is a practical item that involves bending and tapering metal. This project helps Scouts practice creating curves and working with edges, making it ideal for hanging items like keys or small tools.

Components and Dimensions:

• Length: 4 inches
• Thickness: 1/4 inch round or square steel rod
• Hook Bend: 1 inch from the end, bent into a 90-degree angle

Steps:

1. Heat the rod until it’s red-hot in the forge.
2. Use the hammer to taper one end to a slight point for a clean finish.
3. Heat the area 1 inch from the tapered end, then bend it around the horn of the anvil to form the hook.
4. Hammer a slight flattening on the opposite end to form a mounting area.

This small hook project introduces basic tapering and bending techniques, as well as handling hot metal safely.

Project 2: Basic Bottle Opener

Description: A bottle opener is a small tool that involves creating a loop for gripping bottle caps and adding a bend for leverage. This project provides practice in forging a functional object with multiple shapes.

Components and Dimensions:

• Length: 5 inches
• Thickness: 1/4 inch flat steel bar (5 inches long, 1 inch wide)
• Bottle Grip Hole: 1-inch diameter (for opening bottle caps)
• Handle Bend: 1/2 inch from the opposite end, bent slightly for leverage

Steps:

1. Heat the flat steel bar until it’s red-hot and use a hammer to flatten one end for better grip.
2. Punch or drill a 1-inch hole near the opposite end to fit around bottle caps.
3. Bend the end opposite the hole slightly to create leverage for opening bottles.
4. File down any rough edges, then quench to harden.

This bottle opener project helps Scouts practice shaping, punching, and bending, and results in a useful finished tool.

These hot-forging projects provide valuable experience in working with heat and tools to shape metal. Completing these projects helps Scouts develop essential metalworking skills as they work toward their Metalwork Merit Badge.

Basic Forging Techniques for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, practicing forging exercises with low-carbon steel builds foundational blacksmithing skills. Using a 1/4-inch thick piece of steel, you’ll learn to draw out a taper, forge a U-shaped bend, make a decorative twist, and create an L-shaped bend. Each of these exercises develops control over the shape and appearance of the metal.

1. Drawing Out a Taper

Purpose: Drawing out a taper means making one end of the metal narrower and thinner by forging it to a point. This is useful for creating hooks, nails, and decorative ends.

How to Do It:

• Heat one end of the steel in the forge until it is red-hot.
• Place it on the anvil and hammer along the length of the heated section, rotating the metal as you go to form an even taper.
• Continue hammering until the end of the steel is gradually narrowed to a point.

This technique develops your skill in controlling the thickness of the metal and shaping it evenly.

2. Forging a U-Shaped Bend on the Horn of the Anvil

Purpose: Using the horn of the anvil to make a U-shaped bend is common for shaping handles or hooks. The rounded horn is ideal for bending metal smoothly.

How to Do It:

• Heat the center of the metal where the U-bend is desired.
• Place the heated section over the anvil’s horn, then hammer both sides evenly to wrap the metal into a U shape.
• Adjust the shape as needed by rotating it on the horn and continuing to hammer for a smooth, even bend.

This exercise teaches you to use the anvil’s curved horn to create rounded shapes in metal.

3. Forming a Decorative Twist in Square Steel

Purpose: Twisting metal is a common decorative technique, especially in items like railings, candle holders, and tools. Twisting adds a unique texture and visual interest.

How to Do It:

• Heat the section of square steel where you want the twist.
• Clamp one end of the heated steel in a vise, and use a wrench or tongs to twist the opposite end, rotating it to form an even spiral pattern.
• Control the twist by applying even pressure until you reach the desired look.

Twisting helps you practice controlling the metal to create consistent, decorative designs.

4. Making an L-Shaped Bend Using the Edge of the Anvil

Purpose: The L-shaped bend is common for brackets, tool handles, and various structural parts. Using the edge of the anvil gives you a sharp, clean bend.

How to Do It:

• Heat the area of the steel where the bend is needed.
• Place the metal over the anvil’s edge and hammer down on the section hanging over to form a 90-degree angle.
• Adjust the angle as needed by reheating and hammering until you achieve a sharp L shape.

This exercise builds skill in using the anvil’s edge for controlled, precise bends.

These exercises give Scouts hands-on experience with essential forging techniques, helping them develop control, precision, and confidence when working with heated metal. Completing these exercises builds skills that are fundamental to blacksmithing and essential for the Metalwork Merit Badge.

Creating Hot-Forged Projects with Low-Carbon Steel for the Metalwork Merit Badge

For the Metalwork Merit Badge, forging two objects from 1/4-inch low-carbon steel helps Scouts practice essential blacksmithing skills, including making decorative twists, hammer-riveted joints, and preventing oxidation. These projects demonstrate control over heating, shaping, and finishing steel. Be sure to get your counselor’s approval before beginning.

Project 1: Decorative Hook with Twist

Description: This decorative hook is a practical item that features a twist for style and a hook shape for function. It’s useful for hanging small items like keys or tools and helps Scouts practice twisting and bending techniques.

Steps:

1. Forge the Hook Shape
   Begin by heating the steel and drawing out a taper at one end to form the hook. Use the anvil horn to bend the tapered end into a hook shape.
2. Add the Decorative Twist
   Heat the opposite end of the hook where the twist will go. Place one end of the steel in a vise and use a wrench to apply even pressure, twisting the heated section to form a decorative spiral.
3. Flatten the Mounting End
   At the end opposite the hook, flatten a section for mounting purposes. This part can have holes drilled or be hammered into position for attaching to a surface.
4. Prevent Oxidation
   Once the hook is forged, cool and clean it, then apply a metal sealant or oil to prevent rust. This step preserves the finish and protects against moisture.

This project gives you practice in tapering, bending, and twisting techniques.

Project 2: Small L-Shaped Bracket with Riveted Joint

Description: A small L-shaped bracket with a hammer-riveted joint is ideal for attaching two metal pieces at a 90-degree angle. This project involves bending, cutting, and riveting skills.

Steps:

1. Form the L-Shaped Bend
   Start by heating the steel and placing it over the anvil’s edge. Hammer down one side to create a 90-degree angle, forming the basic L shape.
2. Create a Riveted Joint
   Cut a smaller piece of steel to serve as a support brace between the two sides of the bracket. Drill or punch a hole in both the bracket and the brace piece. Heat a small rivet and insert it through both holes. Use a hammer to flatten the rivet’s ends, securing the brace in place.
3. Finish the Bracket
   File and smooth any sharp edges, and apply a protective finish to prevent oxidation. Use a clear metal sealant or oil to keep moisture out and protect against rust.

The L-shaped bracket with a riveted joint provides experience in both structural forging and basic riveting, demonstrating control over shaping and joining steel.

Completing these two hot-forging projects develops practical skills in working with low-carbon steel and helps Scouts understand the processes of shaping, joining, and preserving metalwork. This hands-on experience is a key part of earning the Metalwork Merit Badge and building confidence in blacksmithing techniques.

Living History Program Feature for Scouts BSA

The Living History program feature gives Scouts a chance to experience different cultures, times, and places through hands-on activities and reenactments. Scouts learn about historical events and see how people lived in the past. This interactive approach helps history come alive. For example, while exploring blacksmithing techniques,

Scouts may even use skills learned from the Metalwork Merit Badge to better understand the tools and trades of early blacksmiths. The Living History program feature lets Scouts connect with history by working with period tools, crafts, and traditions, giving them a unique way to learn about the past through real experiences.

What is the Metalwork Merit Badge?

The Metalwork Merit Badge teaches Scouts basic skills in metalworking, including forging, casting, and sheet metalwork. Scouts learn how to shape, join, and finish metal to make useful items.

Do I need to have experience in metalworking to start?

No experience is required to start the Metalwork Merit Badge. Scouts learn the basics from scratch and get hands-on practice with different metalworking techniques.

What types of projects will I make for the Metalwork Merit Badge?

You will create different metal objects, depending on your choice of metalworking options. Projects may include forged hooks, cast medallions, or items made from sheet metal like small boxes or key holders.

What materials do I need for the Metalwork Merit Badge?

You will need basic metalworking materials such as low-carbon steel, pewter, or copper, depending on your chosen projects. Your counselor will help you select materials that fit the badge requirements.

What tools are used in the Metalwork Merit Badge?

Scouts use tools like hammers, anvils, forges, tongs, files, and rivet tools. For casting, you may also use molds and a melting pot. Your counselor will guide you in safely using each tool.

Do I need to work with a counselor for the Metalwork Merit Badge?

Yes, a certified Metalwork Merit Badge counselor helps guide you through the Metalwork Merit Badge requirements. They will show you techniques, help with tools, and approve your projects.

Is safety gear required for the Metalwork Merit Badge?

Yes, safety is very important. You need goggles, gloves, long sleeves, and sometimes ear protection. Safety gear protects you from sparks, hot metal, and sharp edges.

What are the four main metalworking options for the Metalwork Merit Badge?

The four options are Blacksmithing, Sheet Metalwork, Silversmithing, and Foundry Work. You choose one option to focus on, and you complete projects related to that type of metalworking.

How long does it take to earn the Metalwork Merit Badge?

The time varies. Some Scouts may complete it in a few weekends, while others take longer. Practice, project work, and guidance from your counselor all affect the time needed.

Can I count previous metalworking experience toward the Metalwork Merit Badge?

Yes, some skills or projects may count if they meet badge requirements. Discuss with your counselor to confirm what qualifies.

How can I protect my metal projects from the Metalwork Merit Badge from rust?

To prevent rust, use a clear sealant, oil, or paint on your finished projects. This coating helps protect the metal from moisture and air, which can cause oxidation.

What careers can I explore through the Metalwork Merit Badge?

Careers related to metalwork include blacksmithing, welding, machining, and metal fabrication. The badge introduces basic skills useful for these and other metalworking careers.

The Metalwork Merit Badge teaches Scouts how to shape, join, and finish metal to create useful and decorative items. Through hands-on projects, Scouts learn the basics of metalworking techniques like forging, casting, sheet metal shaping, and sometimes even silversmithing. This badge introduces Scouts to tools like hammers, anvils, tongs, and files and teaches them how to use each one safely and effectively.

There are four metalworking options for Scouts to choose from: Blacksmithing, Sheet Metal, Foundry Work, and Silversmithing. Each option allows Scouts to explore different types of projects and skills. For example, Blacksmithing focuses on hot-forging and bending techniques, while Foundry Work teaches how to make and use molds for casting metal. This flexibility means Scouts can find an area that interests them most and focus on those specific skills.

Safety is a major part of the Metalwork Merit Badge. Scouts learn how to protect themselves with gloves, goggles, and proper clothing. They also learn about safe practices around hot metal, sharp tools, and other hazards. Following safety rules is an essential part of every metalworking project.

Earning the Metalwork Merit Badge can even inspire Scouts to consider careers in metalworking. Whether it’s becoming a blacksmith, welder, or metal artist, this badge provides basic skills and knowledge that could be a foundation for a career in the skilled trades. Scouts who earn this badge gain practical skills, hands-on experience, and confidence in working with metal.