Model Design and Building Merit Badge

Free Resources and Answers

Time: 2–4 weeks
Difficulty: Moderate
Setting: Indoor, workshop
Best For: Scouts interested in building, design, models
Hands-On Level: High
Eagle Required: No

The Model Design and Building Merit Badge gives you a chance to turn an idea into a real, three-dimensional model. You will learn how models are used to show how buildings, machines, landscapes, and other objects might look or work. Along the way, you will see that good models start with careful planning, accurate measurements, and attention to detail.

As you work on this merit badge, you will practice skills that designers, engineers, architects, and builders use. You will create plans, choose materials, use tools, and solve problems as they come up. Your model might not turn out exactly as you first imagined, and that is part of the process. You will learn how to make changes and improve your work.

You will also get to use your creativity while learning practical building skills. Model making takes patience, but it can be satisfying to watch your project take shape one step at a time. By completing the Model Design and Building Merit Badge, you can learn more about how ideas become designs and how designs can become something you can see, hold, and share.

The requirements for the Model Design and Building merit badge were updated on January 1, 2026.

Download the Model Design and Building Merit Badge Requirements

Model Design and Building Merit Badge Pamphlet

Model Design and Building Merit Badge Check Off Sheet

Checklist for All Merit Badges

Help with Answers for Model Design and Building Merit Badge Requirements

Find specific helps for some of the Model Design and Building merit badge requirements listed below. Some of these resources will just give the answers. Others will provide engaging ways for older Scouts to introduce these concepts to new Scouts.

• Requirement 1: Safety
• Requirement 2: Types of Models and Materials
• Requirement 3: Planning Your Project
• Requirement 4: Build Your Model
• Requirement 5: Special-Effects Fantasy Model
• Requirement 6: Careers

Requirement 1a: Hand Tool Safety

What You Need To Do

Discuss safe use of modelmaking hand tools with your counselor before starting your project. Cover personal safety, protective equipment, and ways to prevent common injuries.

Helpful Tips

• Cut away from your body when using knives or other sharp tools.
• Keep your fingers out of the path of blades, saws, and drill bits.
• Use a clamp or vise to hold small pieces instead of holding them in your hand.
• Wear safety glasses when cutting, drilling, hammering, or working with materials that may send small pieces into the air.
• Use a dust mask when sanding materials that create fine dust.
• Keep tools clean, sharp, and in good working condition.
• Use each tool only for the job it was designed to do.
• Work on a solid surface with good lighting.
• Keep scraps, cords, and unused tools out of your work area.
• Tie back long hair and keep loose clothing away from moving tools.
• Avoid loose gloves near drills or other tools with spinning parts.
• Stop using any damaged or unsafe tool until it can be repaired or replaced.

Resources

• Toolbox Talk on Hand Safety | This Is Why You Should Be Wearing Gloves (video)
• X-Acto Knife: Basic Safe Use in Under 4 Minutes (video)
• 3-D Printing Safety (website)
• 5-Minute 3D-Printing Training—Safety & Basics (video)
• 3D Printer Resin: Proper Precautions You Must Take (video)

Leader Tips

• Review the tools the Scout plans to use before work begins.
• Demonstrate safe handling when a Scout has little experience with a tool.
• Give the Scout time to practice on scrap material before working on the model.
• Correct unsafe habits as soon as they appear.

Requirement 1b: Digital Safety

What You Need To Do

Discuss safe practices for computer design programs and digital fabrication equipment. Include ways to protect digital files and accounts as well as safe operation of equipment such as 3D printers and laser cutters.

Helpful Tips

• Use strong passwords for accounts connected to design software.
• Keep passwords private and log out of shared computers when finished.
• Save design files often so work is not lost.
• Keep a backup copy of important project files.
• Download files, programs, and plug-ins only from trusted sources.
• Keep design software and computer security tools updated.
• Follow the instructions for every digital fabrication machine you use.
• Get proper training before operating a 3D printer, laser cutter, CNC machine, or similar equipment.
• Keep hands away from moving machine parts while equipment is running.
• Do not touch hot printer nozzles, heated beds, or freshly heated parts.
• Never look directly into a laser beam or bypass a machine’s safety features.
• Stop the machine and get help if you see smoke, overheating, loose parts, or other unsafe conditions.

Resources

• Digital Safety (video)

Leader Tips

• Check the rules for the specific equipment available to the Scout.
• Make sure required training and adult supervision are in place before equipment is used.
• Review both computer security and physical machine safety.
• Give Scouts a safe way to stop equipment quickly if a problem occurs.

Requirement 1c: Hazardous and Flammable Materials

What You Need To Do

Discuss precautions for paints, glues, solvents, finishes, and other materials that may be flammable or hazardous. Cover safe use, storage, ventilation, cleanup, and disposal.

Helpful Tips

• Read the product label before using glue, paint, solvent, or another chemical product.
• Follow all warnings and safety directions printed on the container.
• Use products with strong fumes in a well-ventilated work area.
• Keep flammable products away from flames, sparks, heaters, and other heat sources.
• Close containers tightly when they are not being used.
• Wear eye, hand, breathing, or skin protection when the product directions call for it.
• Avoid breathing spray paint, solvent, glue, or other chemical fumes.
• Clean spills using the method listed on the product label.
• Wash your hands after handling paints, adhesives, solvents, or similar materials.
• Store hazardous products where younger children and pets cannot reach them.
• Never mix chemicals unless the product directions specifically permit it.
• Dispose of leftover chemicals according to the label and local waste rules.
• Do not pour chemicals into a sink, toilet, storm drain, or onto the ground unless disposal directions permit it.

Resources

• Flammable Liquids—Safe Handling: Essential Tips for Workplace Safety (video)
• Is Super Glue Non-Toxic? The Real Dangers Explained (website)
• 6 Health and Safety Tips Every Painter Should Know (video)

Leader Tips

• Review product labels with the Scout before hazardous materials are used.
• Check the work area for good ventilation and nearby ignition sources.
• Help the Scout choose safer materials when several products can do the same job.
• Make sure storage and disposal plans are in place before the project begins.

Requirement 2a: Types of Models

What You Need To Do

Describe five types of models and the purpose of each one. Cover architectural, structural, process, mechanical, and industrial models.

Helpful Tips

• Architectural models show what a building or planned space may look like.
• Architects may use them to show size, shape, room layout, landscaping, and other design features.
• Structural models focus on parts such as beams, columns, supports, and foundations.
• Engineers may use structural models to study how parts fit together and carry loads.
• Process models show the steps in a system or activity from beginning to end.
• A process model can show how materials move through a factory or how work moves through several stages.
• Mechanical models show how machine parts move and work together.
• Gears, levers, wheels, shafts, springs, and linkages may be included in a mechanical model.
• Industrial models can represent factories, production areas, equipment layouts, or large work sites.
• Industrial models can help with planning where machines, storage areas, walkways, and work spaces will go.
• Some models are made mainly for display, while others are used for testing or planning.
• A single project may use features from more than one type of model.

Resources

• 10 Types of Architecture Models and How To Make Them (website)
• 12 Building Models That Architects Deliver (website)
• Model Types and Uses (PDF)

Leader Tips

• Ask the Scout to connect each model type with a real-world example.
• Use photos, sample models, or nearby buildings and machines to make the differences easier to see.
• Encourage the Scout to describe the purpose of each model in their own words.
• Focus on how each type of model helps people plan, test, or communicate an idea.

Requirement 2b: Design Tools

What You Need To Do

Describe how traditional or computer-based design tools can help create plans, show how a design may work, display a model before it is built, and help make model parts.

Helpful Tips

• Traditional design tools include pencils, rulers, compasses, graph paper, templates, and drawing boards.
• Scale drawings can show the size and location of parts before construction begins.
• Sketches can help work out shapes, layouts, and possible changes.
• Computer-aided design, often called CAD, can create precise drawings and three-dimensional designs.
• A digital model can be viewed from several angles before any material is cut.
• Computer programs can help check measurements and fit between parts.
• Some software can simulate movement, loads, or other functions before a physical model is built.
• Digital designs can be changed without rebuilding an entire physical model.
• CAD files can be used with tools such as 3D printers, laser cutters, and CNC machines.
• Digital fabrication equipment can make parts directly from computer design files.
• Traditional and digital tools can also be used together on the same project.
• The best tool depends on the model, available equipment, and amount of detail needed.

Resources

• What Is CAD?—Computer-Aided Design Explained (video)

Leader Tips

• Let the Scout compare a hand-drawn plan with a simple digital design when possible.
• Give the Scout a chance to use available design tools instead of only discussing them.
• Point out how measurements, scale, and clear plans affect the finished model.
• Keep the focus on how each tool helps during planning and construction.

Requirement 2c: Materials and Fabrication Methods

What You Need To Do

Describe traditional and modern materials and methods used to make models. Include both physical materials and digital methods used to design or fabricate model parts.

Helpful Tips

• Traditional model materials include cardboard, paper, foam board, wood, wire, metal, clay, and plastic.
• Balsa wood is lightweight and can be cut and shaped for many types of models.
• Foam board and cardboard work well for walls, buildings, bases, and simple shapes.
• Plastic sheets and pieces can be cut, shaped, glued, or heated for some projects.
• Wire and thin metal can be used for frames, supports, rails, and mechanical parts.
• Glue, fasteners, tabs, slots, and joints are common ways to connect model parts.
• Hand fabrication can include cutting, sawing, sanding, drilling, shaping, bending, and assembling materials.
• Casting and molding can make repeated copies of the same part.
• A 3D printer builds a physical part from a digital model, usually one layer at a time.
• A laser cutter can cut or engrave materials from a computer design file.
• CNC equipment uses computer instructions to cut or shape material.
• Digital design files are part of modern modelmaking because they store measurements, shapes, and construction information.
• Different materials have different strengths, weights, textures, costs, and limits.
• Material and fabrication choices should match the model’s purpose, size, level of detail, and required strength.

Resources

• Architectural Model Making — Material Selection—An Architect’s Guide (Part 2) (video)
• 3D Printing 101: The Ultimate Beginner’s Guide (video)

Leader Tips

• Provide samples of several materials when possible so the Scout can compare them.
• Discuss why one material or fabrication method may work better than another for a specific model.
• Include both hand-building methods and modern digital tools in the discussion.
• Encourage safe use of every material, tool, and fabrication method.

Requirement 3a: Prepare Scale Plans

What You Need To Do

Prepare plans for your model using the correct scale. Your plans should give you the measurements and details needed to build the model.

Helpful Tips

• Scale shows the relationship between the size of your model and the size of the real object.
• Choose a scale that fits the type and size of model you plan to build.
• Use the same scale throughout the project unless your counselor approves another approach.
• Include enough measurements to guide your construction.
• Draw important parts from more than one view when needed.
• A top, front, side, or elevation view can show details hidden in another view.
• Use a ruler, scale ruler, graph paper, or computer design program for accurate measurements.
• Label important dimensions so you do not have to guess while building.
• Check your measurements before cutting or shaping materials.
• Keep your plans nearby while you build so you can compare the model with your design.

Leader Tips

• Review the Scout’s scale and plans before construction begins.
• Ask the Scout to show how a full-size measurement converts to the model size.
• Check for missing measurements or views that could cause problems later.
• Let the Scout make corrections to the plans before building.

Requirement 3b: List Your Materials

What You Need To Do

Make a list of the materials needed to build your model. Include the main building materials as well as items used for joining, finishing, or adding details.

Helpful Tips

• Start with the main materials needed for the body or frame of the model.
• Possible materials include wood, cardboard, foam board, plastic, wire, metal, paper, or 3D-printed parts.
• Include glue, tape, screws, fasteners, or other items used to join parts.
• Add paint, stain, coverings, or other finishes if your project needs them.
• Include small materials used for details, supports, wheels, windows, landscaping, or moving parts.
• Estimate how much of each material you will need.
• Check your plans while making the list so important parts are not missed.
• Consider the strength and weight needed for each part.
• Choose materials that can be safely cut, shaped, and assembled with your available tools.
• Extra material can be useful for practice pieces or replacing mistakes.

Resources

• Glues for Plastic Models and How To Use Them (video)

Leader Tips

• Review the material list before the Scout begins buying or cutting materials.
• Ask how each material will be used in the model.
• Help compare possible materials when cost, strength, or safety is a concern.
• Encourage the Scout to make the final material choices.

Requirement 3c: List Your Tools

What You Need To Do

Make a list of the tools needed to complete your model. Include tools for measuring, cutting, shaping, joining, and finishing the parts.

Helpful Tips

• Start with measuring tools such as rulers, squares, compasses, or calipers.
• List the cutting tools needed for the materials you selected.
• Knives, saws, scissors, or cutting machines may be useful for different materials.
• Files, sandpaper, or sanding blocks can shape and smooth model parts.
• Clamps and vises can hold pieces securely while you work.
• Drills, pliers, screwdrivers, or small hand tools may be needed for assembly.
• Brushes or other finishing tools may be needed for paint or coatings.
• Include computer-controlled equipment if it will be part of your project.
• Match each tool to a specific task in your building plan.
• Make sure you have permission and proper safety instruction before using unfamiliar tools.

Resources

• Best Scale Modeling Supplies for Beginners | 10 Essential Tools To Get Started (video)
• Building Your First Scale Model Car: Basic Hand Tools (video)

Leader Tips

• Compare the tool list with the Scout’s materials and building plan.
• Check for tools that require extra training, supervision, or protective equipment.
• Demonstrate an unfamiliar tool when appropriate.
• Encourage the Scout to choose the simplest safe tool for each job.

Requirement 3d: Create an Original Model

What You Need To Do

Create your own model design instead of using a pre-made kit. Tell your counselor why you selected your subject and what interests you about the project.

Helpful Tips

• Your project must be based on your own design rather than a ready-to-build model kit.
• Choose your subject from the model project choices listed in Requirement 4.
• Pick a subject with enough detail to meet the selected Requirement 4 option.
• Use photos, measurements, drawings, or real objects as references when appropriate.
• Reference material can guide your design without turning the project into a pre-made kit.
• Decide which features are most important to include in your model.
• Your plans should show how you will turn the subject into a model.
• Be prepared to describe why you chose this particular subject.
• Personal interest, access to measurements, or curiosity about how something works can all be reasons for your choice.
• Discuss your idea with your counselor before beginning major construction.

Leader Tips

• Check the selected subject against the matching Requirement 4 option.
• Ask the Scout to describe how the design will be their own work.
• Help narrow a project that is too large or detailed to complete successfully.
• Avoid designing the project for the Scout.

Requirement 3e: Plan for Computer Design Tools

What You Need To Do

If you plan to use computer design tools, discuss your plans with your counselor. Cover which tools you will use and how they will help with the project.

Helpful Tips

• Computer design tools can be used for drawing plans and setting exact dimensions.
• CAD software can create two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models.
• A digital model can help check the size and fit of parts before construction.
• Some programs can show a design from several angles.
• Digital files can provide instructions for 3D printers, laser cutters, or CNC machines.
• A 3D printer can make parts created in a digital design program.
• A laser cutter can cut or engrave certain materials from a digital file.
• Computer tools can be used for only part of the project or throughout the design process.
• Keep copies of your digital design files as the project develops.
• Computer tools assist with the project, but the model still needs to meet the requirements for your selected subject.
• Discuss equipment access, safety rules, and available materials before choosing a digital fabrication method.

Leader Tips

• Ask the Scout to describe what each digital tool will contribute to the project.
• Check access, training, and safety requirements for fabrication equipment before work begins.
• Encourage the Scout to keep control of the design rather than relying on a ready-made digital model.
• Review digital plans along with the Scout’s other project plans.

Requirement 4a: Architectural Model

What You Need To Do

Design and build a scale model of a house at 1/4 inch = 1 foot (1:48 scale). Prepare plans first, discuss your approach with your counselor, and present both your plans and finished model.

Helpful Tips

• Start with floor plans showing the size and location of rooms, walls, doors, and windows.
• Create elevations to show the outside of the house from different sides.
• Use the required 1:48 scale throughout the model.
• At this scale, 1/4 inch on the model represents 1 foot on the actual house.
• Include windows, doors, walls, and important structural features.
• Decide how much interior and exterior detail your model will include before building.
• Exterior details can include walks, shrubs, grass, driveways, porches, or other features.
• Choose colors and finishes before adding the final details.
• Cardboard, foam board, wood, plastic, and printed parts can work well for architectural models.
• CAD or 3D modeling software can help create accurate plans and parts.
• A 3D printer or laser cutter can produce parts from your digital designs.
• Check measurements often so doors, windows, walls, and other parts stay in scale.
• Keep your plans available during construction and compare the model with them as you work.

Resources

• How To Read an Architectural Scale Where 1/4″=1′ (video)
• Architectural Model Making Tips + Tricks—An Architect’s Guide (video)
• 30 Minute Study Model—Here’s How (video)
• How To Make Trees and People for Architecture Scale Models (video)
• Adam Savage’s One Day Builds: Wood Architectural Model! (video)

Leader Tips

• Review the Scout’s scale, floor plans, elevations, materials, and planned details before construction.
• Ask the Scout to show how several real measurements convert to model measurements.
• Help with safe tool use and material choices without designing the model.
• Review both the plans and completed model with the Scout.

Requirement 4b: Structural Model

What You Need To Do

Build a 1:8 scale model showing the corner construction of a wood-frame building. Include the required floor and wall framing parts and review the completed structure with your counselor.

Helpful Tips

• Use the required scale of 1 1/2 inches = 1 foot.
• At 1:8 scale, every 1 inch on the model represents 8 inches on the actual structure.
• Begin with a structural layout before cutting model parts.
• An intermediate girder supports floor joists between other major supports.
• Joists are horizontal framing members that support a floor.
• Bridging helps keep joists aligned and adds stability between them.
• The subfloor forms a layer over the floor joists.
• The sill rests near the foundation and supports parts of the wood frame.
• A sole plate is the horizontal board at the bottom of a framed wall.
• Studs are vertical wall-framing members.
• Rafters are sloping framing members that support a roof.
• Cardboard, foam board, or wood can be used to represent framing pieces.
• Cut matching framing parts to consistent sizes so the structure stays square.
• Use clamps, guides, or temporary supports while glue dries.
• Be prepared to discuss problems with finding materials, joining pieces, or keeping the structure supported.

Resources

• How To Read an Architectural Scale Where 1-1/2″=1′ (video)

Leader Tips

• Review the structural layout before the Scout starts building.
• Ask the Scout to identify framing parts on the plans and finished model.
• Let the Scout solve alignment and support problems whenever possible.
• Provide guidance when tools, adhesives, or construction methods require extra safety precautions.

Requirement 4c: Process Model

What You Need To Do

Design and build a model of the plumbing system in your house. Show the hot-water supply, cold-water supply, waste lines, and vents at 1:16 scale or another scale approved by your counselor.

Helpful Tips

• Start by making a plan showing the plumbing routes through the house.
• The suggested scale is 3/4 inch = 1 foot, or 1:16 scale.
• Your counselor can approve a different scale when needed.
• Cold-water supply lines carry water to sinks, toilets, showers, and other fixtures.
• Hot-water lines carry heated water from the water heater to fixtures that need it.
• Waste lines carry used water and sewage away from fixtures.
• Vent pipes allow air into the drainage system and help waste flow properly.
• Use different colors or labels to separate hot water, cold water, waste, and vent lines.
• Tubing, straws, wire, plastic pieces, or printed parts can represent pipes.
• Plan how pipes will cross, turn, rise, and connect before attaching them.
• Keep pipe sizes and locations consistent with the scale when practical.
• Mount the system so your counselor can clearly see the different routes.
• Compare the finished model with your original plans.
• Be prepared to discuss problems you faced while laying out or building the plumbing system.

Resources

• How To Read and Use an Architect’s Scale for Beginners (video)

Leader Tips

• Review the Scout’s plumbing plan and scale before construction.
• Help the Scout identify the main supply, waste, and vent systems in the plan.
• Encourage clear colors or labels when several pipe systems are close together.
• Ask about construction problems and how the Scout solved them.

Requirement 4d: Mechanical Model

What You Need To Do

Design and build a working mechanical device using at least two of the six simple machines. Discuss your design with your counselor before construction and demonstrate the completed device.

Helpful Tips

• The six simple machines are the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw.
• Your device must use at least two of these simple machines.
• A lever uses a rigid bar that moves around a fixed point called a fulcrum.
• A wheel and axle uses a larger wheel connected to a smaller axle so they turn together.
• A pulley uses a grooved wheel and rope, cord, belt, or similar material to change the direction or amount of force.
• An inclined plane is a sloping surface used to move an object between different heights.
• A wedge uses sloping surfaces to split, cut, tighten, or separate materials.
• A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder and can turn rotation into forward movement.
• Make sketches or digital plans showing how the moving parts will connect.
• CAD or simulation software can help test movement before physical construction.
• Wood, plastic, metal, cardboard, dowels, string, or 3D-printed parts can be used.
• Make sure moving parts have enough space to move without rubbing or binding.
• Test the device during construction instead of waiting until the entire model is finished.
• Be prepared to identify the simple machines and describe the job each one performs.
• Discuss the materials, purpose of the device, and construction problems with your counselor.

Resources

• Simple Machines (video)
• Examples of Simple Machines Used in Everyday Life (video)

Leader Tips

• Ask the Scout to identify the two simple machines before approving the design.
• Encourage testing of moving parts at several stages of construction.
• Help with tool safety while leaving design changes and problem-solving to the Scout.
• Have the Scout demonstrate how the completed device works.

Requirement 4e: Industrial Model

What You Need To Do

Build a scale model of a real passenger-carrying vehicle using measurements from the actual vehicle. Create several views before building and discuss the completed model and difficult parts with your counselor.

Helpful Tips

• Choose an actual passenger vehicle that you can measure or obtain reliable measurements for.
• Possible subjects include a car, truck, bus, boat, airplane, or another vehicle designed to carry people.
• Use either 1 inch = 1 foot (1:12 scale) or 1/2 inch = 1 foot (1:24 scale).
• Begin by recording important measurements from the real vehicle.
• Measure overall length, width, and height.
• Include measurements for major features such as windows, doors, wheels, and body sections.
• Create top, front, rear, and side views before construction.
• Make sure all views use the same scale.
• Computer design software can help line up measurements between different views.
• Cardboard, wood, foam, plastic, or other suitable materials can be used for a physical model.
• Digital fabrication methods can include 3D printing or other computer-controlled processes.
• Check wheel size, wheel spacing, window placement, and body proportions carefully.
• Compare the model with photos and measurements of the actual vehicle as you work.
• Keep notes about parts that require changes or several attempts.
• Be prepared to discuss which parts were hardest to design or build and how you handled those problems.

Resources

• How To Read an Architectural Scale Where 1″=1′ (video)
• Orthographic Drawing—Simplified (video)
• 5 Ways To Sketch a Car With Accurate Proportions (website)

Leader Tips

• Check the Scout’s measurements, scale, and multiple-view drawings before construction.
• Ask how measurements from the real vehicle were converted to model dimensions.
• Encourage the Scout to solve difficult shapes by breaking them into simpler parts.
• Have the Scout compare the completed model with the original plans and vehicle measurements.

Requirement 5: Build a Fantasy Spacecraft Model

What You Need To Do

Design and build an original fantasy spacecraft that could fit into a science-fiction film. Choose a practical scale, use real vehicles for inspiration, plan the spacecraft’s parts, and present the finished design and model to your counselor.

Helpful Tips

• Start with a clear purpose for your spacecraft, such as exploration, cargo transport, rescue, or passenger travel.
• Choose a scale that gives you enough room for important details without making the model too large.
• Use the same scale throughout the design whenever possible.
• Research aircraft, submarines, and naval ships for ideas about shape, layout, and equipment.
• Plan major areas such as the cockpit, crew spaces, engines, and storage before construction.
• Make sketches or digital drawings before building the final model.
• Show the spacecraft from several angles so its shape and features are clear.
• Choose materials that are easy to shape, join, and support.
• Traditional materials and computer design methods can both be used.
• Test difficult parts before attaching them permanently.
• Keep notes about changes you make during construction.
• Save sketches, plans, digital files, and other work to show your design process.
• Be ready to describe your scale, materials, construction methods, and design choices.
• Include problems you faced and the solutions you used.

Resources

• Easy Spaceship Modeling Techniques! (video)
• Adam Savage’s One Day Builds: Kit-Bashing and Scratch-Building! (video)

Leader Tips

• Review the Scout’s basic concept and scale before major construction begins.
• Ask questions about how the spacecraft’s different parts serve its purpose.
• Encourage testing and redesign when a part does not work as planned.
• Keep the project centered on the Scout’s own design and decisions.

Requirement 5a: Research Real Vehicles

What You Need To Do

Research real aircraft, submarines, and naval ships before designing your fantasy spacecraft. Use their shapes, systems, and layouts as inspiration for your own original design.

Helpful Tips

• Aircraft can provide ideas for wings, control surfaces, cockpits, landing gear, and streamlined shapes.
• Submarines can provide ideas for compact interiors, sealed spaces, storage, and life-support areas.
• Naval ships can provide ideas for command areas, crew spaces, engines, storage, and large equipment.
• Look at how real vehicles place people, fuel, cargo, engines, and control systems.
• Compare how different vehicles are shaped for travel through air or water.
• Pay attention to doors, hatches, windows, antennas, vents, and other exterior details.
• Use photos, diagrams, books, museums, or reliable websites as research sources.
• Save sketches or notes about features you may want to use.
• Combine ideas from several real vehicles instead of copying one design.
• Real-world features can make a fantasy spacecraft look more believable.
• Your final spacecraft should still be your own original design.

Resources

• 5 Most Influential Submarine Designs Ever (website)
• 15 Future Aircraft Designs That Will Blow Your Mind (video)

Leader Tips

• Ask the Scout to show several real vehicles used for inspiration.
• Encourage comparisons between aircraft, submarines, and ships.
• Ask how specific real-world features influenced the spacecraft design.
• Keep the focus on original work rather than copying an existing fictional spacecraft.

Requirement 5b: Design the Spacecraft Components

What You Need To Do

Design the main parts of your spacecraft before completing the full model. Include useful areas such as the cockpit, living spaces, engines, storage, and other systems needed for the spacecraft’s purpose.

Helpful Tips

• The cockpit or command area should provide space for the crew to control the spacecraft.
• Living areas may include sleeping spaces, food storage, seating, or other crew needs.
• Storage areas can hold supplies, tools, equipment, cargo, or emergency gear.
• Engines or propulsion systems need a logical place on the spacecraft.
• Fuel, power, or energy systems can be placed near the areas they support.
• Airlocks or hatches can provide ways for the crew to enter and leave.
• Corridors or passageways can connect different sections of a large spacecraft.
• Windows, sensors, antennas, landing gear, or docking equipment can add useful details.
• Decide how many people your spacecraft carries and what job it performs.
• A cargo ship may need more storage, while an exploration ship may need more crew and equipment space.
• Sketch individual sections before combining them into the complete spacecraft.
• Check whether the parts fit together at the scale you selected.
• Keep the design practical enough for the model to be built successfully.

Leader Tips

• Ask the Scout to describe the purpose of each major component.
• Encourage a layout where crew areas and equipment fit together logically.
• Help narrow the design if too many features make the project difficult to complete.
• Leave the creative and engineering choices to the Scout.

Requirement 5c: Show the Complete Design

What You Need To Do

Create a final sketch or rendered image showing your completed spacecraft design from several angles. The images should clearly show its overall shape and major features.

Helpful Tips

• Include more than one view so the full shape of the spacecraft can be seen.
• Useful views include the front, rear, side, top, and three-quarter views.
• Keep the proportions consistent from one view to another.
• Label important parts if their purpose is not obvious.
• Show features such as the cockpit, engines, hatches, storage areas, or landing equipment.
• Hand-drawn sketches can be used for the final design.
• CAD or 3D modeling software can also create rendered views.
• Digital models can be rotated to produce images from several angles.
• Use clean lines and enough detail for your counselor to follow the design.
• Include the scale or model dimensions on your final plans.
• Compare the final views with your component sketches before building.
• Correct size or placement problems before they become harder to fix in the model.

Leader Tips

• Review the views for consistent size and proportions.
• Ask the Scout to point out the main components in each view.
• Encourage corrections before construction if parts do not line up between views.
• Accept either hand-drawn or digital work when it meets the requirement.

Requirement 5d: Present Your Design and Model

What You Need To Do

Discuss your design process, scale, materials, and construction choices with your counselor. Cover how you built or engineered the model, problems you faced, and skills or information gained from completing the project.

Helpful Tips

• Choose a scale that makes the spacecraft large enough for important details but small enough to build and handle.
• Keep the same scale when designing major parts of the spacecraft.
• Be ready to describe why your scale worked for the project.
• Physical materials can include cardboard, foam, wood, plastic, wire, clay, or recycled items.
• Digital materials can include CAD files, 3D models, textures, and rendered images.
• 3D-printed or laser-cut parts can be included when they come from your own design work.
• Describe how parts were joined, supported, shaped, or made to move.
• Point out any design changes made during construction.
• Construction problems may include weak joints, poor fit, incorrect measurements, or parts that were difficult to shape.
• Describe how you corrected or worked around those problems.
• Compare the finished model with your original plans.
• Be prepared to discuss which materials and methods worked well.
• Include any changes you would make if you built the model again.
• Bring your sketches, digital designs, and completed model to the discussion with your counselor.

Leader Tips

• Ask questions about the Scout’s choices instead of judging the model only by appearance.
• Have the Scout connect construction problems with the solutions used.
• Discuss how the selected scale affected materials, detail, and construction.
• Give the Scout room to describe what worked, what changed, and what they would improve.

Requirement 6: Explore a Career

What You Need To Do

Choose one career related to model design and building and research it in detail. Discuss the career with your counselor, including the work involved, preparation needed, pay, job outlook, advancement, and what makes the career interesting to you.

Helpful Tips

• Start by choosing a career connected to design, models, engineering, construction, manufacturing, art, or digital modeling.
• Research the education or training usually needed for the career.
• Check whether the career requires a college degree, trade school, apprenticeship, certification, or other training.
• Find the typical cost of the education or training needed.
• Research the main duties people perform in the job.
• Look for current information about salary or typical pay.
• Check job prospects to see whether opportunities in the field are growing, steady, or limited.
• Find possible ways to advance to jobs with more responsibility or specialized work.
• Use reliable career websites, books, library resources, or information from professional organizations.
• With permission from your parent or guardian, you may also interview someone who works in the field.
• A workplace visit can provide useful information about tools, work spaces, schedules, and daily duties.
• Keep notes about your sources and the facts you find.
• Be ready to describe which parts of the career appeal to you.
• You do not have to decide on a future career. The goal is to explore one possibility in detail.

Careers to Consider

• Architectural model maker
• Architect
• Industrial designer
• Automotive designer
• Product designer
• Prototype developer
• Mechanical engineer
• Civil engineer
• Aerospace engineer
• Naval architect
• Landscape architect
• Set designer
• Film and television prop maker
• Special-effects model maker
• Exhibit designer
• Toy designer
• CAD technician
• 3D modeler
• 3D printing technician
• Manufacturing engineer
• Drafting technician
• Game environment artist
• Virtual reality designer

Resources

• How To Be a Professional Model Maker—My Journey (video)
• How To Get a Job in 3D Printing (video)
• 30 Jobs for Model Makers (Precision Pioneers) (website)

Leader Tips

• Help the Scout narrow the research to one career with enough information available.
• Encourage use of more than one reliable source when possible.
• Ask questions about job duties, preparation, pay, opportunities, and advancement.
• Let the Scout decide which parts of the career seem most interesting.

More Merit Badge Resources

The Model Design and Building merit badge helps Scouts learn how to plan, create, and test small-scale models. It fits well in the merit badge program because it teaches problem-solving and careful measurement. Scouts see how simple materials can be used to show ideas in a clear way. This adds a design-focused option to the wide range of badges and shows that Scouting includes creative and practical skills.

This badge also connects to others that involve design or building. Scouts who enjoy it might try Architecture, Engineering, or Woodwork. These badges help them explore how structures, tools, and models all start with clear plans. The variety gives Scouts many ways to follow their interests.

Learn More about Scouts BSA

The Model Design and Building merit badge supports the larger Scouts BSA program by teaching planning, patience, and steady work. Scouts learn to test ideas and adjust their designs. This builds personal growth and supports leadership because good leaders think ahead.

It also encourages responsibility and skill development. Scouts learn how models help explain ideas and solve problems. They see how planning and teamwork support safe and successful projects. This helps them grow as capable, thoughtful members of their troop and community.

What is the Model Design and Building Merit Badge?

The Model Design and Building Merit Badge is a badge that teaches Scouts how to design, plan, and build models. Scouts learn about different types of models and practice skills like measuring, cutting, and assembling.

What types of models can I make for the Model Design and Building Merit Badge?

For this merit badge, Scouts can choose from several types of models, including architectural, structural, process, mechanical, industrial, or special-effects models. Each type focuses on a different purpose or use.

Do I need special materials for the Model Design and Building Merit Badge?

Yes, some materials are specific to the type of model you choose. For example, foam board or balsa wood works well for structural models, while plastic tubes and small gears are good for mechanical models. Ask your counselor for suggestions on materials.

What skills will I learn with the Model Design and Building Merit Badge?

You will learn skills like planning, measuring, cutting, and assembling materials. You’ll also learn about different types of models and how they are used in real life. Problem-solving and creative thinking are also important parts of this badge.

Can I use a model kit for the Model Design and Building Merit Badge?

No, you must build your model from scratch. The purpose of the Model Design and Building Merit Badge is to help Scouts learn to design and build their own original models.

Do I have to draw plans for my model?

Yes, drawing a plan is part of the Model Design and Building Merit Badge. The plan helps you understand how your model will look and ensures all parts are to scale. It also helps you stay organized as you build.

What are simple machines, and do I need to use them in my model?

Simple machines are basic mechanical tools, like levers, pulleys, and wheels. If you choose to build a mechanical model, you need to include at least two types of simple machines.

How do I choose the scale for my model?

Your model’s scale depends on its size and purpose. For the Model Design and Building Merit Badge, scales like 1:10, 1:25, or 1:50 are often used. Your counselor can help you pick a scale that matches your project.

What if I have trouble finding the right materials?

If you can’t find certain materials, talk to your counselor. They may suggest alternatives or help you think of creative ways to make parts of your model.

How do I present my finished model to my counselor?

When you present your model, explain the materials you used, the scale, and any challenges you faced. Describe each part of the model and how it fits into the overall design. This shows your counselor that you understand the Model Design and Building Merit Badge requirements.

Are there careers that involve model design and building?

Yes, many careers use modelmaking, such as architecture, industrial design, engineering, and film production. Exploring careers is part of the Model Design and Building Merit Badge, and your counselor can help you learn more.

Do I need any special safety equipment for this badge?

Yes, when working with tools like saws or glue, safety gear such as goggles and gloves is often required. Your counselor can help you review safety guidelines to keep you safe while working on your model.

The Model Design and Building Merit Badge is all about learning the art and skill of creating detailed models. This badge gives Scouts a chance to build models in a variety of areas, such as architectural, mechanical, structural, and even sci-fi special effects. The badge helps Scouts learn the planning process, from drawing blueprints to gathering materials to building the final product. Each model requires creativity, careful measurement, and patience.

As Scouts work on the Model Design and Building Merit Badge, they develop skills in problem-solving and precision. Working with tools like knives, files, and drills requires focus and safety. Scouts also learn about using different materials—such as foam, wood, and plastic—and matching them to the type of model they’re creating. Every project helps build practical skills that can be useful in careers like engineering, design, and architecture.

An important part of the Model Design and Building Merit Badge is understanding how models are used in the real world. Models play an important role in architecture, product design, film production, and engineering. Through this badge, Scouts gain insight into how modelmaking fits into these fields, which may even spark interest in a related career. The badge is both challenging and rewarding, offering a unique combination of hands-on work and creative thinking.